Download Biology EOC Review2012

Biology EOC Review
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: __________ Per: _____
Directions: Complete this review using your book, class notes & assignments, and/or the
internet.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN CELLS (Chapter 2)
Organic
Compound
Carbohydrates
Definition
Example
Monomers
Uses
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEINS
Describe the relationship between an ENZYME and its substrate molecule(s)

DEFINE SUBSTRATE.

AN ENZYME IS WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE?

EXPLAIN INDUCED FIT.
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
DEFINE DENATURATION.

NAME 3 THINGS THAT CAN DENATURE ENZYMES. (number these)

SKETCH AN ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE. LABEL ENZYME, ACTIVE SITE, & SUBSTRATE.
Transfers and Cycles of Matter and Energy (Chapter 3)
Diagram the carbon, nitrogen cycles in an ecosystem. (HINT: MAKE A SKETCH OF EACH INCLUDING
EXPLANATIONS.)

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

How could composting improve soil quality?

How does crop rotation help to improve the life span of fields?

How would worm bins help to recycle matter and improve the health of an ecosystem?
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
How does fertilizer runoff affect the health of an ecosystem?

How does bioaccumulation affect the health of an ecosystem?
Analyze an ecosystem’s energy flow through food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids. (HINT:
SKETCH & EXPLAIN EACH.)

What is a food chain?

What type of organism always begins a food chain?

Write or draw a FOOD CHAIN that includes at least 4 organisms.

What is a food web?

Write or draw a FOOD WEB that includes at least 5 organisms.

What is an energy pyramid?

DRAW A FOOD PYRAMID and LABEL THE ORGANISMS at each level.
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Population Density (Chapter 5)

What are the conditions necessary for populations to increase rapidly?

What is population density? What are the factors that affect population density?

What is the equation to calculate population density?

If you have 20 frogs in a 2 m2 area pond. What is the population density of the frogs?
Limiting Factors
Identify and predict the factors that control population growth for both plants and animals.

Define predation.

What types of things do organisms COMPETE for in an ecosystem?

How does overcrowding affect a population’s size?

Explain the importance of available water to organisms.

Explain the importance of available nutrients to organisms.

Explain the importance of available shelter to organisms.
Population Graphs

Explain the difference between an exponential and logistic growth. Show a graph for each.
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
What is carrying capacity? Which type of growth graph does it show up on?

Sketch the Wolf vs. Moose Population graph from the Isle of Royale. Explain how it is a
predator-prey graph.

Explain how range can affect population size.
Biodiversity (Chapter 6)

Given a tropical rain forest and a tundra ecosystem, identify the biodiversity of both areas.

Provide a detailed explanation of why the biodiversity would be different between both areas.

How can interrelationships of organisms affect the stability of populations in a given ecosystem?

What is succession?

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

How does biodiversity contribute to the stability of an ecosystem?
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Sustainability

What is sustainable development?

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources? Provide a few
examples of each.

How could sustainable development help with current issues?

How would the removal of dams facilitate spawning of salmon in rivers?

How would the construction of wind farms relate to providing a sustainable resource from
energy?

How would recycling help the environment?
FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES (Chapter 7)

Define organelles.

Describe the function and location of each of the following organelles:
Organelle
Function
Cell membrane
Location
Cell wall
Nucleus
Chromosome
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Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Golgi
Apparatus
CELL MEMBRANE
 Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.

Sketch and label a section of the cell membrane.

Give 3 functions of the plasma membrane. (number these)

Define diffusion. Is it active or passive transport?

Define osmosis. Is it active or passive transport?

Define endocytosis. Is it active or passive transport?

Define exocytosis. Is it active or passive transport?
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MATTER AND ENERGY IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION (Chapter 8 & 9)

Explain what ATP is and how it is used by cells.

Write the overall balanced equation for photosynthesis

Write the overall balanced equation for cell respiration
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CELL RESPIRATION
REACTANTS?
PRODUCTS?
ORGANELLE WHERE IT OCCURS?
ENERGY USED?
OCCURS IN PLANTS, ANIMALS,
OR BOTH?

Explain the role photosynthesis in the life of plants

Explain the role of photosynthesis in the life of animals

Describe cellular respiration as the process cells use to change the energy of glucose into
energy.

Compare cellular respiration to the burning of fossil fuels.

What is lactic acid fermentation and where does it occur?

What is alcoholic fermentation and where does it occur?
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CHROMOSOMES AND MITOSIS (Chapter 10)

Describe the basic structure of a chromosome.

What is a gene? What is the function of a gene?

How many copies of chromosomes are found in a typical animal cell?
Describe the main events in the cell cycle, including the differences in plant and animal cell division:
 What happens to a cell during interphase?

Name the 3 parts of interphase.

When during interphase is DNA copied?

Define mitosis.

Define Cytokinesis.
List in order and describe the stages of mitosis:
 Describe everything that happens during Prophase.

Describe everything that happens during Metaphase.

Describe everything that happens during Anaphase.

Describe everything that happens during telophase.

How does cytokinesis in plants differ from cytokinesis in animal cells?
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Use the laws of probability and Punnett squares to predict genotypic and phenotypic ratios. (HINT:
Choose one pea plant trait of Gregor Mendel and work a P1, F1, and F2 cross showing all genotypes,
phenotypes, and ratios. (Chapter 11 & 14)
USE PEA COLOR --- GREEN is dominant and YELLOW is recessive.

P1 CROSS

F1 Cross

F2 Crosses (SHOW BOTH CROSSES.)
Examine different modes of inheritance: (HINT: Give meaning & example.)
 What is sex linkage?

What is codominance and give an example?

When does crossing-over occur?

What are the results of crossing-over?

What is incomplete dominance and give an example?
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
What are multiple alleles and give an example?
MEIOSIS, FERTILIZATION, AND OFFSPRING VARIATION
List and describe each of the events of meiosis
Meiosis I:
Meiosis II:
Analyze the meiotic maintenance of a constant chromosome number from one generation to the next.
(HINT: Tell the chromosome number for the parent, gametes, and offspring --- haploid or diploid.)

Parent chromosome number?

Gamete (egg & Sperm) chromosome number?

Offspring chromosome number?

What process --- mitosis or meiosis--- reduces the chromosome number?

What process --- union of egg & sperm --- restores the chromosome number?

Explain how the processes in meiosis and fertilization result in unique combinations of genetic
information in egg and sperm cells, with result in unique characteristic and variation among
offspring.
DNA, GENES, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (Chapter 12)
Describe the structure of DNA.

SKETCH and LABEL a DNA nucleotide.
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
What 2 things make up the Sides of DNA?

Name the bonds that join the DNA sides.

In the center of DNA, a P_____________ base pairs with a P____________ base.

Nitrogen bases are bonded with H______________ bonds.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
DNA
RNA
SHAPE?
BASES?
SUGAR?
LOCATED WHERE IN CELL?
FUNCTION?

Describe the relationships among DNA, chromosomes, genes, amino acids, proteins, and traits

Explain how sequences of nucleotides in a gene specify the amino acids needed to make a
protein.
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Describe and model the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.
REPLICATION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
PURPOSE
NUCLEIC ACID(S)
INVOLVED?
WHERE OCCURS?
Given the following strand of DNA, write its complementary strand of mRNA:
DNA: ATCGGCCAGATTTAG
mRNA:
MUTATIONS
Identify effects of changes brought about by mutations:

Beneficial changes?

Harmful effects?
Compare and contrast the different types of mutation events.

What is a point mutation?

What is a frameshift mutation?
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
What is a deletion?

What is inversion?

What environmental factors can cause mutations?
NATURAL SELECTION (Chapter 15 & 16)

What are the main sources of genetic variability in offspring that allow some offspring to be
better able to survive and reproduce?

Explain what natural selection is and how it works.

What is an adaptation and how does it relate to natural selection?

Explain how evolution relates to the interaction of population growth, inherited variability of
offspring, resource availability, and/or natural selection by the environment.

Describe how environmental pressure on a population drives natural selection.
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EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Evaluate evolution in terms of evidence as found in the following:

How does the fossil record help us determine the evolution of organisms?

Today, scientists use DNA analysis or molecular biology in studying evolution. Explain how this
helps.

What is artificial selection?

How can morphology (BODY FORM) show that organisms are related?

How can embryology (EARLY DEVELOPMENT) show that organisms are related?

Use the Galapagos Islands and the animals found there to explain how the geographic
distribution of related species shows evolution.

How does the use of antibiotics and pesticides cause resistance in insects and bacteria?
RELATEDNESS OF ORGANISMS (Chapter 18)

Describe what scientists can use to infer the degree of evolutionary relationships among
organisms.

Explain and give examples of homologous and analogous structures. What does each say about
the relatedness of organisms?
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
Name the characteristics that the chimp shows on the Cladogram.

On the Cladogram, which organism(s) does NOT have jaws?

Name the organisms that share only fur and mammary glands?

Which organisms do NOT have claws and nails?

What emergent characteristic (NEW) is found in only one organism on the Cladogram?
What is the organism?

How many organisms have jaws but not claws? Name them.
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