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2/1/2011 The 2 fundamental questions: Section 4 S p , , y Has evolution taken place, and if so, what is the evidence? Professor Donald McFarlane y If evolution has taken place, what is the mechanism by Lecture 2 Evolutionary Ideas Evidence for evolution before Darwin which it works? Golden Age of Exploration y Magellan’s voyage – 1519 y Antonius von Leeuwenhoek ‐ microbes – 1683 y John Ray – University of Cambridge (England) y “Catalog of Cambridge Plants” – 1660 – lists 626 species y 1686 – John Ray listing thousands of plant species! y In 1678, Francis Willoughby publishes “Ornithology” Linneaus and Kirchner Athenasius Kircher ~ 1675 – Noah’s ark Carl Linneaus – 35 Sistema Naturae ‐ 1735 Ark too small!! Uses a ‘phenetic” classification – implies a phylogenetic relationship! 300 x 50 x 30 cubits ~ 135 x 20 x 13 m 1 2/1/2011 y Georges Cuvier 1769‐ 1832 y “Fixity of Species” Evidence for Evolution – prior to 1830 • Enormous diversity of life – WHY ??? JBS Haldane " The Creator, if He exists, has "an inordinate fondness for beetles" ". Evidence for Evolution – prior to 1830 y The discovery of variation. Evidence for Evolution – prior to 1830 y Comparative Anatomy. Pentadactyl limbs Evidence for Evolution – prior to 1830 y Fossils – homologies with living species Evidence for Evolution – prior to 1830 y Vestigal structures Pentadactyl limbs !! 2 2/1/2011 Evidence for Evolution – prior to 1830 y Invariance of the fossil sequence Evidence for Evolution – prior to 1830 y Plant and animal breeding JBS Haldane: I will give up my JBS Haldane: “I will give up my belief in evolution if someone finds a fossil rabbit in the Precambrian.” Jean Baptiste Lamark y 1744‐1829 y Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environments over the course of their lives. y Organisms have the ability to pass on these ‘acquired characteristics’ to their offspring. y Organisms have a built‐in “drive to perfection” Alfred Russel Wallace y 1823 – 1913 y Amazon 1848 ‐1852 y “Wallacea” 1854 ‐ 1862 Charles Darwin y 1809 – 1882 y Voyage of Beagle 1831 ‐ 1836 y 1858 – The Linnaean Society y Wallace’s Ternate paper + y Darwin’s letter to Asa Gray y 1859 – “Origin of Species” 3 2/1/2011 The 5 tenets of the Theory of Natural Selection y All organisms show variation y At least some variation is heritable y All organisms produce more offspring than can survive y Offspring with ‘favorable’ variations will have a better chance of survival and reproduction y The ‘favorable’ variation will be more common in the next generation The Modern Synthesis y Early to mid‐20th Century y RA Fisher ~ 1918 ‐ statistics y JBS Haldane ~ 1924 – evolutionary genetics y Sewall Wright – evolutionary genetics y George Gaylord Simpson – paleontology y Ernst Mayer – biogeography and speciation 4