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The Greek World Section 1: Greece and Persia • Around 499BC Greek city-states rebelled against the Persian rule. • Several other Greek city-states sent soldiers to join their fight against the Persians. • This angered the leader of the Persian Empire, Darius. • He was trying to expand his empire and this was slowing him down. • Darius swore to get revenge against the Greeks Greece is victorious! For now… • 1st Invasion: Marathon • Even though the people of Athens were outnumbered, they had better weapons and clever leaders so they defeated the Persians. • 2nd Invasion: • • • • Xerxes I (Darius’s son) tried a second time to conquer Greece. His army was joined by the Persian navy The Persians were again defeated by the Greeks The Greek city-states worked together to defeat the Persians. Section 2 Sparta • Conquered and enslaved their neighbors • Spartan slaves are called helots • Worried about slaves rebelling so they had strict military training Spartan Government • Oligarchy—a few people hold power and managed taxes. Strong government • 2 kings and a council of elders Military Focus • Almost unbeatable army • No individual freedom • Fell behind other Greeks in knowledge trade and Life in Sparta Boys • Went to live in army barracks at 7 yrs old • Treated badly • At 20, they joined the army for 10 yrs • Stayed in army until 60 yrs old • All were expected to win or die in battle Girls • Kept fit by running, wrestling, and throwing a javelin • Wives stayed home while husband in barracks • Could own property and go where they wanted Women in Sparta • Women had more freedom than in other city-states • Did not live with their husbands (remember they’re living with the army) • Lots of physical training • Had to dedicate their lives to the state (like the men did in the military) What did they eat? • Spartans ate a lot of the same things we do today—fruits, vegetables, meats…. • But they also had a soup called Spartan Soup, or black soup • It was made from boiled pigs’ legs, blood, salt, and vinegar…YUCK!!! Athens Government • Democracy—run by the citizens • Had an Assembly that could hear open debates, hear court cases, and appoint army generals • 500 member council to propose laws, deal with foreign countries, and oversaw the Treasury (people who make the money) Athenian Government • New council was important development in democracy • Members were chosen by lottery each year (randomly) • Thought this was fair because it wouldn’t favor the rich • Women, foreign-born men, and slaves were excluded Life in Athens Boys • went to school • Taught music, reading, math, writing, and sports. • At 18 boys finished school and became citizens • Athens was more interested in education & building a democracy than building a military Girls • Stayed home • Learned household duties • Wealthy families taught daughters to read, write, and play the lyre Which Is Better? • Based on your notes and Venn Diagram which city-state do you think worked better? • Where would you rather live? • Once you answer, turn to your partner and share which city-state you’d rather live under and tell them why. The Delian League • Greek city-states formed an alliance (except Sparta) • Alliance is a group that agrees to back each other up • the Greek alliance was called the Delian League • Greek city-states formed the Delian League for protection • Came as a result of the Persian Wars, because the Greeks were drained. Peloponnesian War Sparta vs. Athens • The growing power of Athens throughout Greece worried the Spartans • To stop their growth Sparta declared war on Athens • The war lasted for 27 years! • In the end Athens surrendered to Sparta who gained control of the area, making them the most powerful city-state in Greece • The held control for about 30 years, and then power began to shift from one city-state to another which weakened Greece and left them open to attack. Philip of Macedonia • Philip II was king of Macedonia • He conquered the Greek city-states and controlled all of Greece • They did not unite together against him! • Philip II united all of Greece, got rid of different city states Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) • Philip II died and his son Alexander took over • Invaded Asia Minor and captured Persia fulfilling his father’s dream • Moved south and captured Egypt and Syria • He fought for the next three years taking more lands • Soldiers were tired of war so Alexander decided to go home Philip II Alexander the Great Alexander’s Legacy • Great, brave military leader; inspired his soldiers • At death he was the most powerful ruler in the ancient world • Spreading Greek culture: Alexander built cities modeled after cities in Greece in the places he conquered • He even named many of them Alexandria (after who?) • Began the Hellenistic Era—the time when Greek ideas spread to people who weren’t Greek (blended cultures) • After his death his kingdom was divided into 3 kingdoms: Macedonia and Greece, Syria, and Egypt. Section 4: Art The Greeks created very detailed artwork and sculpture. They were meant to be very realistic. Architecture • The Greeks designed their buildings carefully with tall symmetrical columns. • The Parthenon is the most impressive. • It was built as a temple to the Goddess Athena. Greek Columns (architecture) • Greeks took a lot of pride in their buildings, they designed 3 types of columns. • Doric- simple with straight lines • Ionic- two large ram horns on the sides • Corinthian- complicated carvings with leaves and flowers What is it?-Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian Greek Writing • Drama: Greek plays were part of their religious ceremonies • They were performed in honor of the gods and heroes. • Comedies and Tragedies emerged as popular Greek plays • They became a great form of entertainment that were held in outdoor amphitheaters. • History: Something new! • The Greeks were some of the first to write about history • Thucydides: Wrote about the Peloponnesian War from the experience of a Athenian soldier, but tried to be neutral • He wanted people to learn from the mistakes in history and avoid making similar mistakes in the future. • Many historians model their work after his. Greek Philosophers • Philosopher means ‘love of wisdom’ • Greek philosophers thought people could understand everything • They believed that the power of the mind could explain the mysteries of the world. • Many philosophers were teachers • Sophists were teachers in Ancient Greece • Thought students should improve themselves by reading and thinking Socrates • Teacher from Athens • Used Socratic Method: asked students hard questions they had to use reason to figure out • Told his students to question the government • Government got mad and gave him death penalty -Describe what you see in the picture -Make a prediction about what this picture has to do with Socrates. Plato • Was a student of Socrates • Didn’t like Democracy • Thought government should be run by philosophers • society should be divided into 3 groups • men and women should be equal • Opened a school (The Academy) – this was a place where students, philosophers, and scientists could discuss ideas • Wrote books (The Republic) Plato’s Academy Plato’s Society Philosopher King: ruled with logic and wisdom Warriors: defended from attack Rest of people: who made food, clothing, shelter Aristotle • A student of Plato, Alexander the Great’s teacher • 1st to observe the world around him—then separate his observations by similarities & differences • People should use logic or reasonable thinking to discover new facts • Thought best government had a few people in charge, but everyone could vote Pythagoras • Mathematician • Made major contributions in area of geometry • Pythagorean Theorem: a2 + b2 = c2 Hippocrates • Greek physician • He wanted to figure out what caused diseases to know how to better treat them. • Well known for ideas of how doctors should behave • Hippocratic Oath Archimedes • Most famous Greek mathematician and inventor • Discovered the relationship between the surface and volume of a sphere. • Also known for hydrostatic principle and Archimedes screw