Download The Greek World

The Greek World
Section 1: Greece and Persia
• Around 499BC Greek city-states rebelled
against the Persian rule.
• Several other Greek city-states sent soldiers to
join their fight against the Persians.
• This angered the leader of the Persian Empire,
Darius.
• He was trying to expand his empire and
this was slowing him down.
• Darius swore to get revenge against the
Greeks
Greece is victorious! For now…
• 1st Invasion: Marathon
• Even though the people of Athens were outnumbered, they had better
weapons and clever leaders so they defeated the Persians.
• 2nd Invasion:
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Xerxes I (Darius’s son) tried a second time to conquer Greece.
His army was joined by the Persian navy
The Persians were again defeated by the Greeks
The Greek city-states worked together to defeat the Persians.
Section 2
Sparta
• Conquered and enslaved
their neighbors
• Spartan slaves are called
helots
• Worried about slaves
rebelling so they had strict
military training
Spartan Government
• Oligarchy—a few people hold power and managed taxes.
Strong government
• 2 kings and a council of elders
Military Focus
• Almost unbeatable army
• No individual freedom
• Fell behind other Greeks in
knowledge
trade and
Life in Sparta
Boys
• Went to live in army
barracks at 7 yrs old
• Treated badly
• At 20, they joined the
army for 10 yrs
• Stayed in army until 60
yrs old
• All were expected to win
or die in battle
Girls
• Kept fit by running, wrestling,
and throwing a javelin
• Wives stayed home while
husband in barracks
• Could own property and go
where they wanted
Women in Sparta
• Women had more freedom than in other city-states
• Did not live with their husbands (remember they’re
living with the army)
• Lots of physical training
• Had to dedicate their lives to the state (like the men did
in the military)
What did they eat?
• Spartans ate a lot of the same things we do today—fruits, vegetables,
meats….
• But they also had a soup called Spartan Soup, or black soup
• It was made from boiled pigs’ legs, blood, salt, and vinegar…YUCK!!!
Athens Government
• Democracy—run by the citizens
• Had an Assembly that could hear open debates, hear
court cases, and appoint army generals
• 500 member council to propose laws, deal with foreign
countries, and oversaw the Treasury (people who make
the money)
Athenian Government
• New council was important development in democracy
• Members were chosen by lottery each year (randomly)
• Thought this was fair because it wouldn’t favor the rich
• Women, foreign-born men, and slaves were excluded
Life in Athens
Boys
• went to school
• Taught music, reading,
math, writing, and sports.
• At 18 boys finished school
and became citizens
• Athens was more
interested in education &
building a democracy than
building a military
Girls
• Stayed home
• Learned household duties
• Wealthy families taught
daughters to read, write, and
play the lyre
Which Is Better?
• Based on your notes and Venn Diagram which city-state do you think
worked better?
• Where would you rather live?
• Once you answer, turn to your partner and share which city-state
you’d rather live under and tell them why.
The Delian League
• Greek city-states formed an alliance (except Sparta)
• Alliance is a group that agrees to back each other up
• the Greek alliance was called the Delian League
• Greek city-states formed the Delian League for protection
• Came as a result of the Persian Wars, because the Greeks were
drained.
Peloponnesian War
Sparta vs. Athens
• The growing power of Athens throughout Greece
worried the Spartans
• To stop their growth Sparta declared war on Athens
• The war lasted for 27 years!
• In the end Athens surrendered to Sparta who gained
control of the area, making them the most powerful
city-state in Greece
• The held control for about 30 years, and then power began
to shift from one city-state to another which weakened
Greece and left them open to attack.
Philip of Macedonia
• Philip II was king of Macedonia
• He conquered the Greek city-states and controlled all of
Greece
• They did not unite together against him!
• Philip II united all of Greece, got rid of different city
states
Alexander the Great (356-323 BC)
• Philip II died and his son Alexander took over
• Invaded Asia Minor and captured Persia fulfilling his father’s dream
• Moved south and captured Egypt and Syria
• He fought for the next three years taking more lands
• Soldiers were tired of war so Alexander decided to go home
Philip II
Alexander
the Great
Alexander’s Legacy
• Great, brave military leader; inspired his soldiers
• At death he was the most powerful ruler in the
ancient world
• Spreading Greek culture: Alexander built cities
modeled after cities in Greece in the places he
conquered
• He even named many of them Alexandria (after who?)
• Began the Hellenistic Era—the time when Greek
ideas spread to people who weren’t Greek (blended
cultures)
• After his death his kingdom was divided into 3
kingdoms: Macedonia and Greece, Syria, and Egypt.
Section 4: Art
The Greeks created very detailed artwork and sculpture. They were
meant to be very realistic.
Architecture
• The Greeks designed their
buildings carefully with tall
symmetrical columns.
• The Parthenon is the most
impressive.
• It was built as a temple to the
Goddess Athena.
Greek Columns (architecture)
• Greeks took a lot of pride in their buildings, they
designed 3 types of columns.
• Doric- simple with straight lines
• Ionic- two large ram horns on the sides
• Corinthian- complicated carvings with leaves and flowers
What is it?-Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian
Greek Writing
• Drama: Greek plays were part of their religious ceremonies
• They were performed in honor of the gods and heroes.
• Comedies and Tragedies emerged as popular Greek plays
• They became a great form of entertainment that were held in outdoor
amphitheaters.
• History: Something new!
• The Greeks were some of the first to write about history
• Thucydides: Wrote about the Peloponnesian War from the experience of a Athenian soldier,
but tried to be neutral
• He wanted people to learn from the mistakes in history and avoid making similar mistakes in
the future.
• Many historians model their work after his.
Greek Philosophers
• Philosopher means ‘love of wisdom’
• Greek philosophers thought people could understand
everything
• They believed that the power of the mind could explain the
mysteries of the world.
• Many philosophers were teachers
• Sophists were teachers in Ancient Greece
• Thought students should improve themselves by reading
and thinking
Socrates
• Teacher from Athens
• Used Socratic Method: asked students hard questions
they had to use reason to figure out
• Told his students to question the government
• Government got mad and gave him death penalty
-Describe what you
see in the picture
-Make a prediction
about what this
picture has to do
with Socrates.
Plato
• Was a student of Socrates
• Didn’t like Democracy
• Thought government should be run by philosophers
• society should be divided into 3 groups
• men and women should be equal
• Opened a school (The Academy) – this was a place where
students, philosophers, and scientists could discuss ideas
• Wrote books (The Republic)
Plato’s Academy
Plato’s Society
Philosopher King:
ruled with logic
and wisdom
Warriors: defended
from attack
Rest of people: who made food,
clothing, shelter
Aristotle
• A student of Plato, Alexander the Great’s teacher
• 1st to observe the world around him—then separate his
observations by similarities & differences
• People should use logic or reasonable thinking to discover
new facts
• Thought best government had a few people in charge, but
everyone could vote
Pythagoras
• Mathematician
• Made major contributions in area of geometry
• Pythagorean Theorem: a2 + b2 = c2
Hippocrates
• Greek physician
• He wanted to figure out what caused diseases to
know how to better treat them.
• Well known for ideas of how doctors should
behave
• Hippocratic Oath
Archimedes
• Most famous Greek mathematician and inventor
• Discovered the relationship between the surface and volume of a
sphere.
• Also known for hydrostatic principle and Archimedes screw