Download Lecture 8: Bone Organs

Lecture 8: Bone Organs
M/O Chapter 6
38. Identify the structural components of a long bone, with emphasis on the region of longitudinal growth.
39. Explain the functions of those structural components in the context of the whole bone organ.
40. Compare and contrast the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair and
remodeling.
41. Explain the roles of different hormones in bone remodeling and blood calcium levels.
42. Contrast the remodeling processes of a child (birth to adolescence) and an adult (middle to old age).
43. Identify bone markings and describe their functions.
44. Define the two major divisions of the skeletal system and list the bone structures contained within each.
Bone organs: Structure
Bone organs are made of tissues:
1. Bone tissue (1/3 cells and fibers- collagen- and 2/3 hydroxyapatite
A. Hard and strong for its weight
B. Vascular and dynamic
2. Periosteum
A. Dense irregular CT that surrounds the bone organ
B. Vascular
C. Contains mesenchymal cells
3. Hemopoetic tissue (blood making tissue)
A. This occurs in the bone marrow (tissue between trabeculae in the shaft of the bone)
B. Special CT
4. Hyaline cartilage
A. Caps on joint surfaces
B. Epiphyseal plates
5. Adipose tissue
A. Packs joint cavities
B. Found in bone marrow
6. Nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels...
Draw a long bone and label the following parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Marrow
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Bone organs: Function
Bone organs have many functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Support
Protection
Movement
Hemopoesis
Mineral storage
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Classifying bone organs
1.
2.
3.
4.
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Bones are dynamic structures
Bones change and respond to stressors throughout life through a process called “remodeling”.
1. Two events facilitate bone remodeling
A. Bone deposition (new bone made by what kind of cells?)
B. Bone resorption (bone removal by what kind of cells?)
2. About 20% of your skeleton is replaced yearly! (Human Anatomy by McKinley-O’Loughlin, 3rd ed pg 161)
3. Hormones play a role in increasing or decreasing osteoblast/osteoclast activity
4. Places on the bones that experience more stress respond to the stress by building more bone tissue.Bone Markings
Fill in this table with descriptions of the different bone markings. Try to group them
together by generalized structure... (and you’ll find Fig 6.17 in your text extremely
helpful.)
General description
Anatomical term
Description
Example (location)
Condyle
Facet
Head
Trochlea
Fossa
Crest
Epicondyle
Line
Process
Ramus
Spine
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Canal
Foramen
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Lab 8: The Skeleton
Reading: M&O Ch. 7, Ch. 8
Part1: The skull (axial skeleton)
1. Examine a human skull. Identify the following parts. Note: Each of these can be further broken down into individual bones
that we will study in much more detail later in the semester (the skull consists of 22 individual bones!)
A. cranium
B. mandible.
C. hyoid bone (The hyoid bone is one of 7 bones associated with the skull. The other six associated bones function in hearing
and are found in the middle ear. We will study them when we study the special senses.)
2. Locate the major regions of the cranium
A. facial: the face
B. frontal: the forehead
C. parietal: the top of the head
D. temporal: the temple, or side of the head above the ear
E. occipital: the back of the head
Part 2: Vertebrae (axial skeleton)
1. Be able to identify the following generalized structures on any single
vertebra.
A. body (centrum)
B. vertebral arch
C. vertebral foramen
D. pedicle
E. lamina
F. spinous process
G. transverse process
H. superior and inferior articular processes
I. superior and inferior articular facets
J. intervertebral foramina
2. The vertebral column contains 33-34 vertebrae and they are named by
location.
A. 7 cervical vertebrae
i. transverse foramena
ii. vertebra prominens
iii. atlas
a. anterior and posterior arches
b. lateral mass
iv. axis
a. dens (odontoid process)
B. 12 thoracic vertebrae
i. costal demifacets
ii. costal facets
C. 5 lumbar vertebrae
D. 5 fused sacral vertebrae (aka sacrum)
i. superior articular process
ii. ala and sacral promontory
iii. transverse lines
iv. sacral foramina
v. median sacral crest
vi. sacral canal
vii. sacral hiatus
E. 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae (aka coccyx, or tailbone)
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Part 3: Bony thorax (axial skeleton)
1. ribs
A. shaft
B. costal groove
C. head
D. neck
E. tubercle
F. angle
2. Identify the following TYPES of ribs.
A. true ribs
B. false ribs
C. floating ribs
3. sternum.
A. manubrium
B. body
C. xiphoid process
D. suprasternal (jugular) notch
E. sternal angle
F. xiphisternal joint
Part 4: Pectoral girdle (appendicular skeleton)
1. clavicle
A. sternal end
B. acromial end
2. scapula
A. spine
B. acromion
C. coracoid process
D. superior border
E. medial (vertebral) border
F. lateral (axillary) border
G. superior angle
H. inferior angle
I. lateral angle
J. glenoid cavity (fossa)
K. subscapular fossa
L. supraspinous fossa
M. infraspinous fossa
Part 5: Superior or upper limb (appendicular skeleton)
1. humerus
A. head
B. greater tubercle
C. lesser tubercle
D. intertubercular groove
E. anatomical neck
F. surgical neck
G. shaft
H. deltoid tuberosity
I. medial epicondyle
J. lateral epicondyle
K. capitulum
L. trochlea
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2. radius
A. head
B. radial tuberosity
C. styloid process
D. ulnar notch
3. ulna
A. trochlear notch
B. olecranon
C. coronoid process
D. radial notch
E. styloid process
4. wrist and hand
A. carpals (wrist)
i. pisiform
ii. hamate
B. metacarpals (palm)
C. phalanges (fingers)
i. proximal, middle and distal phalanges
ii. pollex
Part 6: The pelvic girdle (appendicular skeleton)
1. Begin by examining an entire pelvis. Be sure you can clearly explain the following terms and their relationships to each other.
A. pelvis
i. pelvic brim
ii. true pelvis
iii. false pelvis
iv. pelvic inlet
v. pelvic outlet
B. sacrum
C. coccyx
D. left and right ossa coxae (which, when referred to together, can be called the pelvic girdle)
i. ilium
ii. ischium
iii. pubis
iv. acetabulum
a. This is the deep depression on the lateral surface of an os coxae where the femur articulates with the pelvis. It is
the site where the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse
2. Examine the ilium and identify:
A. ala
B. arcuate line
C. iliac fossa
D. iliac crest
E. anterior superior iliac spine
F. posterior superior iliac spine
G. anterior inferior iliac spine
H. posterior inferior iliac spine
I. greater sciatic notch
3. Examine the ischium and identify the following parts:
A. ischial spine
B. ischial body
C. lesser sciatic notch
D. ischial tuberosity
E. ischial ramus
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4. Examine the pubis and identify the following parts:
A. inferior ramus
B. superior ramus
C. obturator foramen
D. pubic crest
E. pubic symphysis
Part 7: Inferior or lower limb (appendicular
skeleton)
1. Identify and draw the following structures found on the femur:
A. fovea
B. neck
C. shaft
D. greater trochanter
E. lessser trochanter
F. linea aspera
G. popliteal surface
H. medial condyle
I. lateral condyle
J. medial epicondyle
K. lateral epicondyle
L. patellar surface
2. Identify and draw the patella.
3. Identify and draw the tibia:
A. medial condyle
B. lateral condyle
C. tibial tuberosity
D. anterior border (or crest)
E. medial malleolus
4. Identify and draw the fibula
A. head
B. lateral malleolus
5. Identify the bones of the ankle and foot:
A. tarsals (ankle)
i. calcaneus
ii. talus
B. metatarsals (foot)
C. phalanges (toes)
i. proximal, middle
and distal
phalanges
ii. hallux
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External Brain 8: Bone Organs
38. Identify the structural components of a long bone, with emphasis on the region of longitudinal growth.
39. Explain the functions of those structural components in the context of the whole bone organ.
40. Compare and contrast the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair and
remodeling.
41. Explain the roles of different hormones in bone remodeling and blood calcium levels.
42. Contrast the remodeling processes of a child (birth to adolescence) and an adult (middle to old age).
43. Identify bone markings and describe their functions.
44. Define the two major divisions of the skeletal system and list the bone structures contained within each.
Your Task
Fill in the following chart regarding osteoblast/osteoclast activity.
Scenario
Diet is low in calcium
Osteoclast activity
(↑ or ↓ or ∅)
Osteoblast activity
(↑ or ↓ or ∅)
Net outcome
(Resorption, deposition, ∅
Change from swimming to
jogging for daily exercise
Treatment with sex hormones
Puberty
Anabolic steroid use
Summary Questions
1. Write a statement that clearly relates the following terms: Pelvic girdle, ossa coxae, ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx,
pelvis.
2. Make sure you know whether an isolated bone is from the right or left side of the body.
3. Practice your bone bumps by palpating bone bumps on a live human. Chapter 13 in your text might be helpful.
4. Given any individual vertebra, identify the region (cervical, thoracic, etc.) of the vertebral column it came from and defend your
response with specific examples of how you know.
5. Describe the spinal curvatures found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions of the vertebral column.
6. What passes through the transverse foramena?
7. What passes through the intervertebral foramina?
8. What passes through the vertebral foramen?
9. How can you tell if a scapula is from the right or left side of the body? How do you know? Examine several other scapulas to
check your understanding.
10. How can you tell if a clavicle is from the right or left side of the body? How do you know? Check yourself by examining other
clavicles.
11. Articulate a rib with a thoracic vertebra to see how they fit together. The rib facets (articular surface) are one good way to
identify a thoracic vertebra. Name the places where they contact each other.
12. Which ribs are included in each type?
13. Compare and contrast the male and female pelvises. Be able to identify a pelvis as either male or female.
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