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Download Chapter 4 Section 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Chapter 4 Section 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Objectives: • -Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem • -Identify the interactions that occur within communities • -Describe how ecosystems recover from a disturbance Biotic Factors • Biological (living) influences on organisms within an ecosystem Abiotic factors •Nonliving factors that influence an ecosystem •ie: temperature, precipitation, etc. Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM • Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism, and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives Niche: • The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way the organism uses those conditions • Includes biotic and abiotic factors as well as the way in which the organism uses physical and biological conditions • No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat, however they can be similar. See pg. 92 Figure 4-5 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Spruce tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Competitive Exclusion Principal : • No two species can occupy the same niche. • Competition results in organisms of the same or different species competing for a resource (light, food, nutrients, and/or space) • Direct competition in nature results in a winner (survives) and a loser (fails to survive) Predation: • An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism Symbiosis: • Any relationship in which two species live closely together Three Symbiotic Relationships • 1. Mutualism • 2. Commensalism • 3 Parasitism Mutualism: • Both species benefit • Nitrogen fixation occurs in plants that harbor nitrogenfixing bacteria within their tissues. The best-studied example is the association between legumes (plants that produce pods) and bacteria. • Each of these is able to survive independently (soil nitrates must then be available to the legume), but life together is clearly beneficial to both. Only together can nitrogen fixation take place How are both species benefitting? Commensalism • One species benefits, the other is unaffected Clown fish live within the waving mass of tentacles of sea anemones; because most fish avoid the poisonous tentacles, clown fish are protected from predators Parasitism: • One species benefits, the other is harmed The Art of Deception — Interactive — National Geographic Magazine Wasps and Aphids Cat Parasite - Most Extreme Ecological Succession: • A series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time • As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. Primary Succession: • Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists • (ie: new land created by lava flows, or bedrock exposed after glaciers melt) Primary Succession Continued: • Pioneer species – the first species to populate an area Lichens Primary Succession Continued, Lichens: • Lichens: are made up of a fungus and an alga that grow on bedrock. They break up bedrock, when they die, they add organic matter to the weathered bedrock. • Dead organic matter + weathered bedrock =SOIL Secondary Succession: • Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil • Ie: Bruins fire (June 2006) – Wood chute Fire (July-August 2009) – Taylor Fire (August 8-16-09) – Schultz fire (June 2010) – Wallow Fire (July 2011) Order of Successive Events: • Grass (1-2 years) shrub (3-25) Pines Forrest (25-100) climax community (100150+) Why is Secondary Succession quicker than Primary Succession? • Because the soil has been prepared by the previous community