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“Interconnectivities” and Forests If you view everything as discrete objects with no connections, your perception of the world may be as misinterpreted as this painting or is it just a bunch of trash!! https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10152332 912748246 2 EcoSphere = closed ecological system with shrimp, algae & bacteria that survive by consuming each other &/or their wastes; sunlight enters, and oxygen, carbon dioxide, food, etc. created and recycled. First EcoSphere created 1981 NASA’s Jet Propulsion Labs working to create self-contained communities for space travel Source: http://www.sustyparty.com/blogs/news/5211132-eye-candy-ecospheres Average life expectancy for shrimp populations in an EcoSphere is 2-3 yrs but they may survive >10 yrs False perception: ecosystems are simple and they and their parts are not connected http://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0102/3472/files/eco-sphere_pic_large.jpg?3086; http://www.abundantearth.com/store/media/howecosphereswork.jpg 3 Bio2 Discussion – Lack of Interconnectivity - Look at 1 – 4 minutes only https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSmuBCuwpW8 INTERCONNECTIVITY IS REAL and you can see it working all around you Carbon, water and biodiversity interconnects terrestrial and aquatic environments! The Nature of Things | Oct 15, 2009 | 4:21; David Suzuki Interconnected Life in the Salmon Forest http://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/Shows/The+Nature+of +Things/ID/1296281941/ 5 Today’s Topics: Interconnectivities in Forests Carbon cycle – energy from photosynthesis to decomposers to atmospheric carbon; new energy Hydrologic cycle – salmon & forest links (David Suzuki video) Species interactions: Predator-prey Competition Mutualism Parasitism Disruption of connectivities? – loss of ecosystem services & species Class Reading Dan’s story - Lemmings and climate change ‘There is a hair in my dirt’ 6 What kinds of interactions and relationships bind species together within ecosystems to ensure delivery of ECOSYSTEM SERVICES? 7 Forest composed of: • Structures • Functions Structures & functions are interconnected!!! But we focus mainly on just the structures because we can see them But we can’t see the functions which link or connect the structures 8 How to make REAL Clam Chowder! CLAMS Sustainability is difficult to practice “If we don’t know how the parts are put together and that they are interconnected.” SO we need to understand the connections & not just the parts to maintain ecosystem services!! 9 Ultimate Connector in Natural, Human Ecosystems: The Carbon Cycle Plants = one of the key harvesters of solar energy Many other organisms (animals, microbes, humans) depend upon & consume this plant-produced, complex carbon to get their energy & nutrients to survive 6CO2 6H2O 6O2 C6H12O6 Photosynthesis = power for our world 10 Humans use ALL the parts of the Carbon Cycle: plants, animals, microbes, CO2, etc (non-fossil) & coal, oil, natural gas (fossil origin ) Decomposition is an important component of the C cycle C Cycle – NASA 2012 [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/] Carbon Cycle Driver: Why is Decomposition part of the Carbon Cycle? How do you know there are decomposers in this Photo? 12 This is good STUFF - lots of fungi eating the poop Llamas poop. Note the mushrooms (i.e., one type of decomposer) http://www.ourridgehaven.com/B0_Llamas/ Dung.jpg MICROBES DECAY ORGANIC MATTER – get energy from breaking carbon bonds of complex molecules resulting in much carbon returned to the atmosphere http://lh4.ggpht.com/_vqAAFYgeDm8/TMrwVpj7IRI/AAAAAAAAE_A/YHCYIE-jjdA/hohhot_post_pic12.jpg?imgmax=1280 13 The Soil Food Web – Lots of different organisms involved in converting complex carbon compounds (eg, Herbivory, Predation, Decomposition, Photosynthesis, etc) 14 JUST BECAUSE YOU ARE SMALL AND LOOK INSIGNIFICANT DOESN’T MEAN YOU ARE NOT IMPORTANT IN ECOSYSTEMS!! The importance of Interconnectivity is recognized today!! For example, we now know that many small organisms such as fungi, insects, and other types of invertebrates are very important to forest ecosystems So ‘biodiversity’ (ie, different types of organisms) is good in an ecosystem to help interconnectivity 15 WHY is Biodiversity a connector? ANSWER: species link all other ecosystem components and help maintain functions of ecosystems Examples of species interactions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Predator-prey Competition Mutualism Parasitism 16 Lets look at these species interactions more closely 1. Predator-prey (one partner benefits at the expense of the other) Lynx and Hare 17 Photo source: Rudolfo's Usenet Animal Pictures Gallery Lets look at these species interactions more closely So what if an imbalance occurs in predator-prey relationships? Remember the keystone species: Brown Lemmings Population crashes Ecosystem degrades Human disease outbreaks Shift to a different ecosystem type 18 Species interactions (cont’d) 2. Competition (partners may or may not benefit) Connects Ecosystem functions & structures …. is one driving process of succession or ecosystem change: Predator-prey Competition Mutualism Parasitism Nutrient cycling Hydrologic cycle 19 QUESTION: ANSWER: What is Succession? sequence of ecological changes in which one group of plant (or animal) species are replaced by another species through COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES 20 Another form of competition: Seed dispersal What characteristics of seeds are involved in getting them to a good location (or time) to germinate? 21 Seed dispersal Tasty Volant (flighty) Sticky 22 EXAMPLE: ‘Sticky bird-catcher’ tree seeds Morkpork (or Ruru, a small owl in New Zealand) covered in sticky bird-catcher tree seeds 23 Morkpork cleaned (then released 4 days later) ‘Images and rescue’ courtesy of the Whangarei Native Bird Recovery Centre 24 Species interactions (cont’d) 3. Mutualism (both partners benefit) e.g. form of symbiosis You will hear an example of this story in class next week 25 Species interactions (cont’d) 4. Parasitism – 1 partner benefits, 2nd partner doesn’t QUESTION: In what environment do you generally find this (cowbird)? ANSWER: Along forest edges, not in the interior of intact forests 26 FACT: Most past human land-uses create simple ecosystems and break some of those ecosystem interconnectivities 27 EG, Humans breaking the Carbon Cycle Connectivities RESULT: It May Generate Lots of Wastes A Yurt pile of dung - Interior Mongolian HUMANS WOULD BE STANDING ON A MOUNTAIN OF DUNG and TRASH! - An unpleasant and odoriferous experience!! 28 Climate change Breaking the Predator-prey relationships Which one is the lemming?? SEE CLASS READING: Collapse of Lemmings in Greenland Pushes Predators to Brink. by Virginia Morell, Science 11 Sept 2012 Without lemmings for dinner, stoats and other Greenland predators may face local extinction. FACT: Ecological effects of global warming — entire communities of animals & plants subject to change due to loss of a keystone species 29 //news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/09/greenland-lemmings-collapsepush.html?ref=em There’s a Hair in my Dirt! They had just begun to dine when the little worm, staring wideeyed at his meal, suddenly spit out his food and screamed, “THERE’S A HAIR IN MY DIRT! THERE’S A HAIR IN MY DIRT!” Gary Larson – HarperCollins Publisher 30 Harriet loved nature 31 But Harriet vilified the ‘snake’ and romanticized the ‘mouse’! 32 So Harriet saved the ‘mouse’ but a flea from the ‘mouse’ bit her and gave her a virus that killed her!!! She loved Nature but that isn’t the same as understanding Nature!!! 33 So even Harriet is a part of the ecosystem! A structure that becomes linked to other ecosystem structures by some functions. Interconnectivities!!!! Gary Larson 34 A symphony orchestra that needs all players to work! You can’t leave out the drums or violin and have an orchestra! Changes within or between ecosystems (interconnectivity) will change the Harmony!!! 35