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“Interconnectivities”
and Forests
If you view everything as discrete objects
with no connections, your perception of the
world may be as misinterpreted as this
painting or is it just a bunch of trash!!
https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=10152332
912748246
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EcoSphere = closed ecological
system with
shrimp, algae & bacteria that
survive by consuming each
other &/or their wastes;
sunlight enters, and oxygen,
carbon dioxide, food, etc.
created and recycled.
First EcoSphere created 1981 NASA’s Jet Propulsion Labs
working to create self-contained
communities for space travel
Source: http://www.sustyparty.com/blogs/news/5211132-eye-candy-ecospheres
Average life expectancy for
shrimp populations in an
EcoSphere is 2-3 yrs
but they may survive >10 yrs
False perception:
ecosystems are simple
and they and their parts
are not connected
http://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0102/3472/files/eco-sphere_pic_large.jpg?3086; http://www.abundantearth.com/store/media/howecosphereswork.jpg
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Bio2 Discussion – Lack of Interconnectivity - Look at 1 – 4 minutes
only
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSmuBCuwpW8
INTERCONNECTIVITY IS REAL and
you can see it working all around you
Carbon, water and biodiversity
interconnects terrestrial and aquatic
environments!
The Nature of Things
| Oct 15, 2009 | 4:21; David Suzuki
Interconnected Life in the
Salmon Forest
http://www.cbc.ca/player/Shows/Shows/The+Nature+of
+Things/ID/1296281941/
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Today’s Topics:
Interconnectivities in Forests
 Carbon cycle – energy from photosynthesis to
decomposers to atmospheric carbon; new energy
 Hydrologic cycle – salmon & forest links
(David Suzuki video)
 Species interactions:




Predator-prey
Competition
Mutualism
Parasitism
 Disruption of connectivities? –
loss of ecosystem services & species
 Class Reading  Dan’s story -
Lemmings and climate change
‘There is a hair in my dirt’
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What kinds of
interactions and relationships
bind species together
within ecosystems
to ensure delivery of
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES?
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Forest composed of:
• Structures
• Functions
Structures & functions
are interconnected!!!
But we focus mainly on just the structures
because we can see them
But we can’t see the functions
which link or connect the structures
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How to make REAL
Clam Chowder!
CLAMS
Sustainability is difficult to practice “If we don’t know how
the parts are put together and that they are interconnected.”
SO we need to understand the connections & not just the
parts to maintain ecosystem services!!
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Ultimate Connector in Natural, Human Ecosystems:
The Carbon Cycle
Plants = one of the key harvesters
of solar energy
Many other organisms (animals,
microbes, humans) depend upon &
consume this plant-produced,
complex carbon to get their
energy & nutrients to survive
6CO2
6H2O
6O2
C6H12O6
Photosynthesis = power for our world
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Humans use ALL the parts of the Carbon Cycle:
plants, animals, microbes, CO2, etc (non-fossil)
&
coal, oil, natural gas (fossil origin )
Decomposition is an important component of the C cycle
C Cycle – NASA 2012
[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/]
Carbon Cycle Driver:
Why is Decomposition part of the Carbon Cycle?
How do you know there are decomposers in this
Photo?
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This is good STUFF - lots of fungi eating the poop
Llamas poop.
Note the
mushrooms
(i.e., one type of
decomposer)
http://www.ourridgehaven.com/B0_Llamas/
Dung.jpg
MICROBES DECAY ORGANIC MATTER –
get energy from breaking carbon bonds
of complex molecules resulting in much
carbon returned to the atmosphere
http://lh4.ggpht.com/_vqAAFYgeDm8/TMrwVpj7IRI/AAAAAAAAE_A/YHCYIE-jjdA/hohhot_post_pic12.jpg?imgmax=1280
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The Soil Food Web – Lots of different organisms involved
in converting complex carbon compounds (eg, Herbivory,
Predation, Decomposition, Photosynthesis, etc)
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JUST BECAUSE YOU ARE SMALL AND LOOK
INSIGNIFICANT DOESN’T MEAN YOU ARE NOT
IMPORTANT IN ECOSYSTEMS!!
The importance of Interconnectivity is
recognized today!! For example,
we now know that many small organisms such as
fungi, insects, and other types of invertebrates are
very important to forest ecosystems
So ‘biodiversity’ (ie, different types of organisms) is
good in an ecosystem to help interconnectivity
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WHY is Biodiversity a connector?
ANSWER:
species link all other ecosystem components and
help maintain functions of ecosystems
Examples of species interactions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Predator-prey
Competition
Mutualism
Parasitism
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Lets look at these species interactions more closely
1. Predator-prey
(one partner benefits at the expense of the other)
Lynx and Hare
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Photo source: Rudolfo's Usenet Animal Pictures Gallery
Lets look at these species interactions more closely
So what if an imbalance
occurs in
predator-prey
relationships?




Remember the keystone species:
Brown Lemmings
Population crashes
Ecosystem degrades
Human disease outbreaks
Shift to a different
ecosystem type
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Species interactions (cont’d)
2. Competition
(partners may or may not benefit)
Connects Ecosystem functions & structures
…. is one driving process of succession or
ecosystem change:






Predator-prey
Competition
Mutualism
Parasitism
Nutrient cycling
Hydrologic cycle
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QUESTION:
ANSWER:
What is Succession?
sequence of ecological changes in which
one group of plant (or animal) species are
replaced by another species through
COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES
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Another form of competition:
Seed dispersal
What characteristics of seeds are
involved in getting them to a good
location (or time) to germinate?
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Seed dispersal
Tasty
Volant (flighty)
Sticky
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EXAMPLE:
‘Sticky bird-catcher’ tree seeds
Morkpork
(or Ruru, a
small owl in
New Zealand)
covered in
sticky
bird-catcher
tree seeds
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Morkpork cleaned
(then released 4 days later)
‘Images and rescue’ courtesy of the Whangarei Native Bird Recovery Centre
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Species interactions (cont’d)
3. Mutualism
(both partners benefit) e.g.
form of symbiosis
You will hear an
example of this story in
class next week
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Species interactions (cont’d)
4. Parasitism
– 1 partner benefits, 2nd partner doesn’t
QUESTION:
In what environment do you
generally find this (cowbird)?
ANSWER:
Along forest edges, not in the
interior of intact forests
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FACT:
Most past human land-uses create
simple ecosystems and break
some of those ecosystem
interconnectivities
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EG, Humans breaking the
Carbon Cycle Connectivities
RESULT:
It May Generate Lots of Wastes
A Yurt pile of dung
- Interior Mongolian
HUMANS WOULD BE STANDING ON A MOUNTAIN OF DUNG and TRASH!
- An unpleasant and odoriferous experience!!
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Climate change Breaking the
Predator-prey relationships
Which one is the lemming??
SEE CLASS
READING:
Collapse of
Lemmings in
Greenland Pushes
Predators to Brink.
by Virginia Morell, Science 11
Sept 2012
Without lemmings for
dinner, stoats and other
Greenland predators
may face local
extinction.
FACT:
Ecological effects of global warming —
entire communities of animals & plants subject to change
due to loss of a keystone species
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//news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/09/greenland-lemmings-collapsepush.html?ref=em
There’s a Hair in my Dirt!
They had just begun to dine when the little worm, staring wideeyed at his meal, suddenly spit out his food and screamed,
“THERE’S A HAIR IN MY DIRT! THERE’S A HAIR IN MY DIRT!”
Gary Larson – HarperCollins Publisher
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Harriet loved nature
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But
Harriet vilified the
‘snake’ and
romanticized the
‘mouse’!
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So
Harriet saved the
‘mouse’ but a flea
from the ‘mouse’ bit
her and gave her a
virus that killed
her!!!
She loved Nature but
that isn’t the same as
understanding
Nature!!!
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So even Harriet is a part of the ecosystem!
A structure that becomes linked to other
ecosystem structures by some functions.
Interconnectivities!!!!
Gary Larson
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A symphony
orchestra
that needs
all players
to work!
You can’t
leave out
the drums
or violin
and have an
orchestra!
Changes within or between ecosystems
(interconnectivity) will change the Harmony!!!
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