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Rise of Islam • Bedouins emphasized ideals of courage and loyalty, which end up funding the background of Islam • Trading throughout the Arabian peninsula along the GSR pass along ideas • Mecca- city where religious pilgrims travel to worship Allah at the Ka’aba The Prophet • Muhammad born into powerful Meccan family, but abandoned and raised by his uncle and grandfather • At 40 years old, Muhammad hears the voice of Gabriel outside, and begins to believe that he’s the last of the prophets • Some Arabs find Muhammad’s revolutionary teachings neglectful toward the polytheistic gods worshipped at the Ka’aba • Muhammad and some of his followers migrated to Yathrib (Hijrah). Yathrib is now called Medina • While in Medina, Muhammad rises to political and religious prominence • Muhammad and his 10,000+ followers march back to Mecca and destroy the Ka’aba. This solidifies Muhammad and Islam even though he dies two years later Practice of Islam • Main teaching is that there is only one God Allah • Five Pillars 1. Faith- “there is no God but Allah” 2. Prayer- five times a day, Muslims pray in the direction of Mecca. They may meet at a mosque, or wherever they are 3. Alms- giving money to the poor through a special religious tax 4. Fasting- during Ramada, Muslims fast between dawn and sunset 5. Pilgrimage- all who are financially and physically able need to perform the hajj at least once • In addition to the five pillars, Muslims are forbidden to eat pork or drink intoxicating drinks. Friday afternoons are designated for worship. • Ulama are a class of religious scholars who apply the teachings of Muhammad to life • After the death of the prophet Muhammad, his revelations are recorded in the Qur’an • Muslims find that Muhammad’s example (sunna) is the model for living • Shari’a is a system of law that regulates the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life Links to Judaism and Christianity • Muslims find Jesus as a prophet, not the Son of God • Believe in the Qur’an as the holy book as Christians and Jews believe in the Torah and Gospels • All three believe in heaven and hell • All three trace ancestry back to Abraham Islam Expands • Before death, Muhammad hadn’t picked a successor nor instructed his followers how to • The Muslim community selected Abu-Bakr, a loyal friend of Muhammad 1st Caliph • Abu-Bakr and the next three caliphs (Umar, Uthman, and Ali) all knew Muhammad personally and used his teachings to rule over the caliphate • Shorty after Muhammad’s death some Arabs abandon Islam, refuse to pay taxes, and some even declare themselves prophets • Abu-Bakr declares jihad against the rebels to justify the expansion of Islam • After Abu-Bakr dies, Umar and the Muslim state conquered Syria and lower Egypt (previously Byzantine ruled). By 750 CE the Muslim empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (261) Reasons for Success in Expansion • The four “rightly guided” caliphs made progress in expanding Islam; Muslims were willing to sacrifice for their religion • The Muslim armies were well disciplined and expertly commanded; Byzantine and Sassanid empires were exhausted militarily from battles • People within the Byzantine and Sassanid empires welcomed Islam because many didn’t agree with Christianity or Zoroastrianism; they also didn’t like paying poll taxes to their empires Treatment of Conquered Peoples • The Qur’an forbade forced conversion, so Muslims allowed conquered people to choose for themselves • “People of the Book” received special consideration, but were required to pay a poll tax in exchange for not performing any military service • Conquered peoples who don’t adopt Islam can become scholars, officials, and bureaucrats but cannot spread their own religions Internal Conflict • In 656 CE Uthman is murdered causing groups to struggle for power. • Ali (Muhammad’s relative) was the natural successor, but his ascendance is rivaled by a Syrian governor named Muawiya. Ali, too, is murdered and the process of electing caliphs dies with him • The Umayyads rise to power and move the capitol to Demascus • The Umayyads abandon the “simple life” preached by Muhammad and begin wealthy lives like non-Muslim leaders • The election issue along with the materialism of the Umayyads cause a rift in the religion Sunni-Shi’a Split • Many Muslims stick with the Umayyads, but some believe that the caliph need be a descendant of the Prophet • Shi’a- the party of Ali; these followers are called Shi’ites • Sunni- followers of Muhammad’s example • Sufi- group who rejects the Umayyad’s luxurious life; these ppl pursue a life of poverty and spiritual devotion • Unrest further develops with the Umayyad caliphate, and in 750 CE the Abbasids take control Abbasid Control Extends • Abbasids murder remaining Umayyad caliphate (except Abd al-Rahman) when they take over • Abbasids also move the capitol of the empire to Baghdad, Iraq (important for trading goods and information on the empire in Spain) • The Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy; treasury tracks money, military dept. controls the army, etc. • To fund the bureaucracy the Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim wealth Rival Groups Divide Land • Abbasids fail to keep complete political control, and regional Muslim states sprang up (Fatimad) • Smaller states are still connected by language, religion, trade, and the economy Muslim Trade Network • Made up of two sea networks (Mediterranean and Indian Ocean) and the GSR • Muslim language (Arabic) and the denar are all they need • Banks set up “sakks”, or the modern day checking account Muslim Culture Rise of Cities • Symbolized the strength of the caliphate • Cordoba, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, Jerusalem, etc. • Baghdad is the most impressive, and homes to over 900,000 people Social Classes 1. Upper class- Muslims at birth 2. Converts to Islam 3. “Protected people”; Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians 4. Slaves (non-muslim and p.o.w.’s)- fought for the Muslim military and performed housework Role of Women • Qur’an says that “women and men are equal” but also that “righteous women are obedient” • Women had more economic and property rights in Islam than women in other European, Chinese, and Indian cultures • Men merely had to say “I dismiss thee” to divorce their wives • Wives of wealthy men supervised the household and its servants; poorer women went to work in the fields with their husbands • When in public, women are expected to be veiled Muslim Intellectual Advancements • Muhammad stressed the importance of knowledge • In the 800’s, the House of Wisdom is opened in Baghdad to be a library, academy, and translation center Saw advancements in: • Literature- poems about nature and pleasures of love and life • Art and Architecture-calligraphy replaces pictures of living images; in architecture Roman and Byzantine styles were copied • Math and Science-Muslim thinkers prefer scientific observation over rational thinking like in Greek philosophy. (M) Al-Khwarizmi writes al-jabr; (S) Ibn al-Haytham writes Optics • Medicine- treatment of small pox and of measles by Al-Razi through “clean air” Philosophy and Religion Blend • Muslim philosopher Ibn Rushd blends Aristotle’s and Plato’s views with Muslim culture and is criticized; he says both try to find “truth” • Jewish philosopher Moses Ben Maimon blends philosophy, science and religion The “Ideal Man” • Idea of a perfect man response to the Muslim empire’s diverse nature