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AP English 11 WELCOME! Read Write Speak Listen TODAY’S AGENDA Review of last time Sentences patterns Arguments Read Write Speak Listen REVIEW OF LAST TIME Writing groups Why English sucks… By the way, have you made your book choice for this quarter. Read Write Speak Listen INVERSIONS English sentences have usually follow the pattern S V DO/SC plus whatever modifiers are present. You can invert the usual order by moving parts of the sentence around. This can have the effect of emphasizing the inverted element. Too much inversion can make your writing sound yoda-esque and clumsy. Read Write Speak Listen INVERSIONS Zing! Sentence pattern 14 Prepositional phrase before S and V Prepositional Above ease Tips A phrase S V (or V S) the desk, the grammar ninja levitated with comma is usually required after the prepositional phrase. Definitely use if the lack of a comma creates ambiguity. A prepositional phrase can’t stand by itself. Prepositions can’t stand to be alone. Read Write Speak Listen INVERSIONS Zing! Sentence pattern 15 Object or complement before before S and V Object or subject complement S V. A dangling modifier the grammar ninja does not admire. (inverted direct object). Revered the grammarian will be. (inverted subject complement) Tips You may need a comma. There aren’t specific rules; let your ear be your guide. Don’t go overboard with this pattern. Read Write Speak Listen INVERSIONS Zing! Sentence pattern 15a Complete Object Wary inversion of the normal pattern. or complement or modifier V was the grammar ninja! Tips If it sounds odd, you’ve done it wrong. S. Read Write Speak Listen PERIODIC SENTENCES A kind of inversion, in which the word order is reversed, intentionally and artfully, such that, after all other modifiers and clauses, the main idea comes at the end. See what I did there? Read Write Speak Listen PERIODIC SENTENCES The subject and verb come at the beginning of a loose sentence. It’s the opposite of a periodic sentence. Read Write Speak Listen PERIODIC SENTENCES Periodic sentences are a good way to raise the diction of your writing. A periodic sentence is also a way of creating emphasis. It places the main idea at the end of the sentence, which gives it the greatest impact. AP readers love periodic sentences. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 16 Paired constructions Correlative conjunction S V, correlative conjunction S V Either the grammar ninja will fix the sentence, or she will die in the attempt. Tips Use parallel construction so the items being paired match in form and tense. (Either the grammar ninja will fix the sentence, or she will become dead. = pukey!) A pair means two. Don’t forget part of the correlation! Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 16A Paired construction for contrast only A “this, not that” or “not this, but that” construction. (in some place other than the verb position). Skill, not luck, is the key to the grammar ninja’s power. The grammar ninja uses his powers for good, never for evil. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 17 Dependent clause as a subject or object or complement Where the grammar ninja went remains a mystery. We never determined how the grammar ninja got away. Tips This pattern works with relative clauses. Relative clauses are a special class of dependent clauses that begin with a relative pronoun. The relative pronouns are who, whom, which, that, why, where, when, how Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 18 Absolute construction (Anywhere in the sentence) An absolute construction is a grammatical term you might not be familiar with. It might make your head hurt. Let’s start with the absolute part. It means standing apart from the normal or usual syntactical structure. Absolute comes from the Latin for loosened from or separated. We sometimes think of absolute as meaning total, (Absolute power) but really unrestricted might be closer. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 18 Absolute There construction (Anywhere in the sentence) are three kinds of absolute constructions. I’m going to present them all to you, but really only one applies to this sentence pattern. 1. A transitive verb with an object that is implied but not stated. She was a teacher who inspired. 2. An adjective or pronoun that stands alone when the noun it modifies is implied but not stated. Susan’s was the best. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 18 Absolute There construction (Anywhere in the sentence) are three kinds of absolute constructions. I’m going to present them all to you, but really only one applies to this sentence pattern. 3. A phrase that is syntactically isolated from the rest of the sentence. Typically, this means a participle plus a noun or a pronoun that essentially modifies the entire sentence. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 18 Absolute construction (Anywhere in the sentence) Check this out: Absolute His ball being lost, Johnny had to quit playing tennis for the day. Dependent clause Because his ball was lost, Johnny had to quit playing tennis for the day. Independent clause His ball was lost, so Johnny had to quit playing tennis for the day. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Head hurt yet? Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 18 Absolute construction (Anywhere in the sentence) Present participle The American economy, God willing, will soon return to normal. Past The students, biased by past experience, viewed the substitute teacher with distrust. With participle irregular participles Her skirt torn and her leg burnt, Sara cried on her mother’s shoulder after the accident Tips An absolute construction needs to be set off by punctuation. Use commas, dashes, or parenthesis. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 19 The short, simple sentence for relief or dramatic effect S V . The grammar ninja was born into poverty, squalor, and destitution. Because she was alone, she was preyed upon by the darker elements of the city. A trip to library introduced her to the wonder of grammar: its power and intricacies. Then, everything changed. Tips Use it after several long sentences. Use it to summarize what you just said. Use it to provide transition. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 19a A short question for dramatic effect, simple sentence for relief or dramatic effect S V ? Wait, what? Tips Use in the introduction to arouse interest. Use it within paragraph to provide variety. Use it between paragraphs to provide transition. Use it at the end to provide a thought provoking conclusion. Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 19a Flavors (Interogative When will it end? Interogative verb S V? Can we go? Question word standing alone What? Auxiliary word) auxiliary verb S V? based on intonation Jason flunked modern dance? Read Write Speak Listen OTHER SENTENCE PATTERNS Hot dog! Sentence pattern 20 The deliberate fragment Fair enough. Tips Use as part of a description. For transition For indicating conclusions In structuring a question or an answer For making exclamations and for emphasis For making explanations In aphorisms or fragments of cliches Read Write Speak Listen FINAL SENTENCE PRACTICE For homework, please write 1-2 paragraphs to describe an event in your life: making a sports team, being cast in a play, going to a dance. Use high diction to describe the event. Include at least one periodic sentence, and try to practice the other sentence patterns we discussed today. Read Write Speak Listen MORE ARGUMENTS Rogerian arguments Named for psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Used by mediators, therapists Nonconfrontational Stresses understanding and respecting the opposing point of view. Strives to find common ground. Read Write Speak Listen MORE ARGUMENTS Rogerian arguments Brief, objective statement of the issue under discussion. Summarize in impartial language the opposing case. Summary should demonstrate that you understand their interests and concerns and avoid hostility. Read Write Speak Listen MORE ARGUMENTS Rogerian arguments Make an objective statement of your own idea, listing concerns and interests. Avoid loaded language and moral superiority. Outline common ground or mutual concerns. Specify irreconcilable interests. Outline a solution. Emphasize what both sides may gain. Read Write Speak Listen BYE! Come back tomorrow!