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Transcript
3 – 1 Carbon Compounds o Two Types: Inorganic Compounds Compounds that do not contain carbon Exception = Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is inorganic but contains carbon Organic Compounds Compounds that do contain carbon o Carbon is a unique element Forms 4 very strong and stable covalent bonds Commonly bonds w/ O, N, P, S (& itself) Forms chains of almost unlimited length by bonding w/ other carbon atoms. Bonds btwn C can be single, double, or triple Long chains can close to form rings (see Figure 3-1) o Polymerization Process where large compounds are made by joining together many smaller compounds Many carbon compounds made this way Monomers = smaller compounds that get joined together Polymers = compounds formed when monomers are joined together Macromolecules = really large polymers Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Polymerization allows us to make many different types of complex molecules Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Polymer 4-3 Carbohydrates CARBOHYDRATES – made up of C, H, O atoms Ex: sugars & starches Monosaccharide – single sugar molecule o Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose o All have the formula C6H12O6; different in the arrangement of atoms; called isomers Disaccharide - 2 sugar molecules bonded together o Ex: sucrose (table sugar – glucose & fructose bonded together) Polysaccharide – many sugar molecules hooked together in a chain o Ex: starch, cellulose (plants), glycogen (animals) Complex carbohydrates (di- & polysaccharides) are produced by polymerization where 2 or more monosaccharides (monomers) combine to form larger molecules (polymers) o This process is called DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS (dehydration=loss of water, synthesis=putting together) Chemical bond that links 2 simple sugars; forms at an –OH group on one sugar and another –OH group on the other sugar The –OH group from one sugar is removed, while only the H from the 2nd –OH group is removed When bond is complete, one molecule of water is removed from the 2 simple sugars & they are now joined together Complex carbohydrates can be split apart by a process called HYDROLYSIS (means water splitting) o Exact opposite reaction of dehydration synthesis o A molecule of water is added to break a polysaccharide (polymer) into individual monosaccharides (monomers) Carbohydrates are important because they contain lots of energy o Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms o Bonds break = energy released o Glucose is most common energy source for organisms Energy Currency o Energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate or ATP o Energy is released when bonds between phosphate groups (-PO4-) are broken o Energy is stored when bonds between phosphate groups (-PO4-) are formed CHAPTER 4-3 Proteins & Nucleic Acids PROTEINS: composed of C, H, O, and N Protein polymers made of amino acids (monomers) o Amino Acid = amino group (-NH2) at one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. o 20 different kinds of amino acids; differ from one another at a region called an R group Dehydration synthesis links amino acids together o The bond between 2 amino acids is called a PEPTIDE BOND (special kind of covalent bond) Long chain of amino acids is called a POLYPEPTIDE A complete protein is made of one or more polypeptide chains Proteins differ from one another by the kind, number and sequence of their amino acids The role of proteins: o Help carry out chemical reactions o Pump small molecules in and out of cells o Help cells to move ENZYMES – special proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction; also called catalysts o Not changed by the reaction and not used up in the reaction o Enzymes bind to a substrate at the active site (pg 76) o Enzymes are very specific, can only fit a certain substrate like a “lock & key” o Ex: NUCLEIC ACIDS – composed of C, H, O, N, and P Nucleic acid polymers made of nucleotides (monomers) 2 types of nucleic acids o DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) o RNA (ribonucleic acid) Store genetic info & control production of proteins Chapter 4-3 Lipids LIPIDS – made of C, H, O atoms Ex: fats, oils, waxes. (oils are liquid at room temp) Fats store energy in animals and act as an insulator under the skin & around organs. They also make up biological membranes. Formed by the dehydration synthesis of glycerol and 3 fatty acids (pg.73 fig 4-16) o Glycerol – contains 3 carbons each attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH) o Fatty Acid – long chains of hydrogen & carbon that have a carboxyl group at one end (-COOH) Saturated Fats – single bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acids (pg.74 fig 4-18 ex: palmitic acid) o These fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens possible o Usually solid at room temp o Found in meats & dairy products Unsaturated Fats or Polyunsaturated Fats– one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acids (pg.74 fig 4-18 oleic acid or linoleic acid) o Fatty acids do NOT have the maximum number of hydrogens possible o Tend to be liquid at room temp (ex: oils) o Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats in your diet may help prevent heart disease. Sterols – another type of lipid. o Ex: cholesterol – important to cells, but too much can lead to heart disease Phospholipids – fat molecules that consist of parts that dissolve well in water (hydrophilic) and parts that do NOT dissolve well in water (hydrophobic) o Important molecules that make up cell membranes What are the monomers of fats? What process links the monomers of fats together? What process breaks apart the monomers of fats? TITLE: Cow’s Moo OBSERVATIONS: (data table) ANALYSIS: 1. What does homogenized mean? 2. What do you think milk is like before it’s homogenized? 3. Which type of milk showed the most movement? Why? 4. What caused the milk to move? EXPLAIN. 5. What is fat made of (what monomers)? 6. Would you observe the same thing if you did not use food coloring? Why or why not? 7. List your samples in order from the one with the most fat to the one with the least fat. 8. Does the amount of fat make a difference in the “reaction” taking place? 9. What would you expect to see happen using 2% milk? What would you expect to happen using half and half? CONCLUSION: What did you learn? THE GLUCOSE SONG (Tune of “Sugar, Sugar” by the ARCHIES, 1969) Glucose- Ah, sugar, sugarYou are my favorite fuel From the blood-borne substrate pool. Glucose- Monosaccharide sugarYou’re sweeter than a woman’s kiss, ‘Cause I need you for glycolysis. I just can’t believe The way my muscles take you in. (For you, they’ll open up the door.) All it takes is a little bit of insulin. Glucose, I want more and more! Glucose- Ah, sugar, sugarYou help me make ATP When my predators are chasing me. Ah, glucose- You’re an aldehyde sugar. And you’re sweeter than a woman’s kiss ‘Cause I need you for glycolysis!