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Midterm Exam Guidelines Sheet- Biology II 2015 Introduction List the steps of the scientific method Differentiate between valid and invalid experimental designs Define a control, variable, and scientific theory Define Anatomy and Physiology Describe the levels of organization inside a living organism Identify and describe the characteristics of life Define and describe the requirements for life Define the 14 different medical directional terms Identify the 3 major divisions of the body Define the different subdivisions of anatomy and physiology Macromolecules Explain the function of Carbohydrates in the body Describe the basic structure of a monosaccharide (glucose), including hydroxides and carbon groups Give examples of monosaccharide Describe and give examples of polysaccharides Describe how carbohydrates connect together to form complex carbohydrates Explain the function of lipids in the body Identify the major parts of a fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipids, and steroids Describe the roles of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats Construct the basic structure of an amino acid Describe how amino acids connect together to form polypeptides Identify and describe the 2 secondary shapes of polypeptide chains Describe the major types of proteins found in the body Explain the differences between DNA and RNA Describe and identify the major regions (and bonds) in the DNA molecule Be able to use and understand the basics of the periodic table Cells Identify cellular structures and their function, including ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, cristae, nucleus, nuclear membrane, and nuclear pores, plasma membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, vesicles, centrioles, vacuoles, lysosomes, cytoskeleton Differentiate between plant and animal cell organelles Categorize the organization of cells, tissues, organs, and systems Describe the plasma membrane, its structure, and be able to explain how its structure affects its function Describe the roles of carbs, cholesterol, and proteins on the membrane Describe how molecules are transported through the plasma membrane Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. Be able to describe the process of endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, active transport, and diffusion. Tissues Describe the basic function and characteristics of epithelial tissue Identify and describe the types and shapes of epithelial tissue Identify the locations of the 7 basic types of epithelial tissue Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands Describe the basic function(s) of serous and mucous membranes Describe the basic elements of all connective tissue; differentiate between collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts Explain the role(s) of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts in connective tissue Compare the structure, function, and location of dense regular, dense irregular, and loose connective tissue Define the role (and structure) of cartilage in the body Compare and contrast the 3 different types of cartilage in the body Describe the 3 types of muscle in the body Define the following words: tendon, ligament, basement membrane, free surface, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes, actin, myosin, striations, lacunae Skin Describe the functions of skin Describe the 2 different layers of skin. Know the structure of each layer of skin and type(s) of tissue in each layer Describe the structure and function of a hair follicle Describe the role and location of melanin in the body Locate and describe the function of merocrine glands in the body Locate and describe the function of sebaceous glands in the body Locate and describe the function of apocrine glands in the body Describe the processes by which the skin helps to regulate our body temperature Define the following words: integument, keratin, melanin, melanocytes, epidermis, dermis, glands, merocrine, sebaceous, apocrine, arrector pili muscles Locate the following structures on a skin diagram: sebaceous gland, epidermis, dermis, sweat gland, hair follicle, touch receptor, arrector pili muscle, subcutaneous layer Bones Describe the 5 functions of bone Differentiate between the structure of compact and spongy bone Describe the growth and development of bone; both in infancy and as an adult Identify, number, and locate the bones vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx) Identify, number, and locate the bones of the cranium, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones Locate the bones of the pelvic girdle, including the coxal, sacrum, coccyx, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges Identify, number, and locate the bones of the pectoral girdle, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges Describe the function and structure of joints Explain the dynamics of achondroplasia, arthritis, and fractures