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Name ______________________________
Date __________________
Part II Option 2
General Biology Review Packet
Measurement
Metric Conversion
Convert between the following units. Use space below each to show calculations.
732 centimeters = _________________ meters
4.73 kg = ___________________ cg
15.3 kiloseconds = ________________ megaseconds
100 μm = ___________________ meters
8.23 milligrams = _________________ hectograms
10 mL = ____________________ dL
4032 deciliters = __________________ kiloliters
1000 Mm = _________________ cm
Mean, Median, Mode
A scientist conducts an experiment testing how many termites are attracted to a certain type of wood in
a two minute time period. He runs the experiment several times and collects the following data:
7, 4, 5, 5, 9, 5, 7
Find the mean, median, and mode of the above data set. Show you work.
Mean =
Median =
Mode =
25, 85, 10, 13, 87, 42, 44
Find the mean, median, and mode of the above data set. Show you work.
Mean =
Median =
Mode =
Scientific Notation
Convert to Scientific Notation
Convert to Standard Form
742,100 = ______________________
4.79 x 10 4 = ______________________
.000519 = ______________________
4.074 x 10 -6 = ______________________
9,500 = ______________________
9.66 x 10 -3 = ______________________
.000000121 = ______________________
4.8558 x 10 9 = ______________________
1
IDENTIFYING CONTROLS AND VARIABLES
Experimental Design
The paragraphs below describe an observation, a question, and an experiment. For each of the
experiments, identify the following:
a. control group
b. independent variable
c. dependent variable
d. conclusion(s)
e. possible improvements to the experiment
1. Iker is concerned about global warming. He believes that much of the problem is caused by the
intense heat arising from surfaces such as streets and the roofs of buildings. Iker convinces the
principal of his school to run an experiment. With the help of other students, Iker raises money for a
rooftop garden to be put in on one half of his school building. For one semester, Iker keeps track of the
air temperature on the half of the building with the rooftop garden and the half of the building without
the garden. He finds that the average temperature near the rooftop garden is 73°F. The average
temperature away from the garden is 84°F.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Caroline decides to save money by switching to a generic brand of dog food for Schnookum and
Schnozzer, her mastiffs. After several days of eating the new food, however, the dogs stop sleeping
through the night. They whine and tug at Caroline’s blankets until she gets up to play with them.
Caroline wants to know if this behavior is caused by their new food. For one week, she gives the
generic food to Schnookum, and she gives the original brand of food to Schnozzer. Schnookum
continues to wake her up every night, but Schnozzer sleeps all night.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2
3. Gabby loves long-distance running, but her feet develop terrible blisters. Some of her track
teammates suggest that the blisters are caused by her cotton socks, which absorb moisture. Gabby
borrows a pair of double-layer running socks made of a synthetic blend. For two weeks she wears the
synthetic socks when running, and for the following two weeks she switches back to the cotton socks
when running. During this month, Gabby counts the number of blisters she develops. She finds that she
develops only one blister while wearing the synthetic socks, but five blisters while wearing the cotton
socks.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4. One of Tatsu’s weekly chores is cleaning the bathrooms. He notices that the shower in his bathroom
develops a gray layer of scum more quickly than does the shower in his parents’ bathroom. Wanting to
minimize his scrubbing time, Tatsu tries to find out what is responsible for this difference. He notices
that his parents use a gel body wash, whereas he uses bar soap. Tatsu switches to using a gel body
wash for two weeks and finds that the scum layer does not develop.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3
When Knowledge and Ethics Collide
Directions: Go to https://goo.gl/wuv1Jz “When Knowledge and Ethics Collide”. Read the article. Answer the
questions.
1) What is Bioethics?
2) If you were tested by a health insurance company and found to have a certain genetic disease, do you think it
would be fair to have you pay more for health coverage than someone that did not have a genetic disease? Why
or why not? (Consider both sides: the health insurance company and yours)
3) Should scientists do all the things that biotechnology has made it possible for them to do? Why or why not?
(Think about the pig with the jellyfish genes in the beginning of the article)
4) Should scientific knowledge and personal beliefs play equal or unequal roles in decisions about
biotechnology? Support your answer.
4
Organic Compounds
KEY CONCEPT: Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things. Many carbon-based
molecules are large molecules called polymers that are made of many smaller, repeating molecules
called monomers. There are four main types of carbon-based molecules in living things.
• Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, and are often broken down as a source of
chemical energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure, such as cellulose,
which makes up plant cell walls.
• Lipids include fats and oils and, like carbohydrates, are often broken down as a source of
chemical energy for cells. One type of lipid, called a phospholipid, makes up most of all cell
membranes.
• Proteins have a large number of structures and functions. Some proteins are needed for
muscle movement; another protein, called hemoglobin, transports oxygen in blood. Another
type of proteins, called enzymes, speed up chemical reactions in cells.
• Nucleic acids are molecules that store genetic information and build proteins. DNA stores
genetic information in cells, and RNA helps to build the proteins for which DNA codes.
Type of Molecule
Carbohydrate
Functions
Example
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
The prefix mono- means “one” and the prefix poly- means “many”. How are these meanings related to
the terms monomer and polymer?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Write your own analogy for the formation of a polymer from monomers.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5
Cell Theory, Scientists, & Cell Types
KEY CONCEPT Cells are the basic unit of life.
The invention of the microscope in the late 1500s revealed to early scientists a whole new
world of tiny cells. Most cells are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope. The
discoveries of scientists from the 1600s through the 1800s led to the cell theory, which is a
unifying concept of biology. The cell theory has three major principles:
• All organisms are made of cells.
• All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
• The cell is the most basic unit of life.
All cells can be divided into two major groups: prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. The main
differences between the two kinds of cells are in their structure:
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus defined by a membrane, while prokaryotic cells have
no nucleus.
• In eukaryotic cells, the DNA, or genetic information, is found in the nucleus. In
prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found in the cytoplasm, the jellylike substance
that fills both types of cells.
• Eukaryotic cells have organelles, structures that perform jobs for a cell. Most
organelles are surrounded by membranes. Prokaryotic cells do not have organelles
surrounded by membranes.
Prokaryotic cells make up organisms called prokaryotes. All prokaryotes are tiny and consist
of single cells. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells make up eukaryotes. You are a
eukaryote, as are plants and some types of single-celled organisms. All multicellular
organisms, or organisms that have many cells, are eukaryotes.
1. What is the smallest, most basic unit of life? ____________________________________________
2. Where is the DNA in a prokaryote? in a eukaryote?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why would you need a microscope to see a prokaryotic organism?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. A friend tells you he read somewhere that rotting garbage can turn into maggots, which are fly
larvae, and the maggots then can grow into adult flies. What part of the cell theory could you use to
refute his claim?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6
MAIN IDEA: Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
Summarize what each scientist did to help develop the cell theory.
Scientist
Contribution to Cell Theory
1. Hooke
2. Leeuwenhoek
3. Schleiden
4. Schwann
5. Virchow
What are the three main tenets of the cell theory? (Note: Today often 7 parts of the cell theory are
listed by biologists)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells.
In the top left side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of eukaryotic cells. In the top right
side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of prokaryotic cells. At the bottom of the Y shape
below, write the characteristics that both kinds of cells have in common.
7
Cell Organelles
Complete the following table about cell parts.
Organelle
Description
Function
CELL WALL
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
NUCLELOUS
CHROMATIN
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
8
Animal, Plant
or Both
RIBOSOME
MITOCHONDRIA
VACUOLE
CHLOROPLAST
GOLGI BODY
LYOSOME
CENTRIOLE
9
Cellular Energy Review Worksheet
What do all cells use for energy?
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is ATP?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Complete the following diagram about the formation of ATP and ADP with the following terms:
ADP, Energy from breakdown of molecules, ATP, Energy released for cell processes
Read the following paragraph and answer the following questions:
Different types of carbon-based molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) can be broken down to
produce ATP. The breakdown of the different molecules produces different amounts of ATP.
Carbohydrates, especially the simple sugar glucose, are most commonly broken down to make ATP.
The breakdown of a lipid produces many more ATP molecules than does the breakdown of a sugar.
Proteins are the molecules least likely to be broken down, but they store about the same amount of
energy as carbohydrates.
1. What types of molecules are broken down to make ATP? Which are most often broken down to
make ATP?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which type of organic compound supplies the most ATP to cells?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Apply. Describe how you do not get energy directly from the food that you eat.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
10
Passive Transport
MAIN IDEA: Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
1. What is a concentration gradient?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What does it mean for a molecule to diffuse down a concentration gradient?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Complete the concept map below about passive transport using the following words or phrases:
osmosis, energy, facilitated diffusion, the movement of molecules from high to low concentration,
diffusion
Passive Transport
example
is
requires no
example
type of diffusion
is
the diffusion
of water
4. How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. What will happen to a houseplant if you water it with salt water (a hypertonic solution)?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
11
Active Transport
1. How is active transport different than simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. The prefix exo- means “out of” and the prefix endo- means “taking in”. How do these meanings
relate to the meaning of exocytosis and endocytosis?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3.
A
B
What process is shown in Figure A? _____________________________
What process is shown in Figure B? _____________________________
4. Do you think that endocytosis and exocytosis can occur within the same cell? Explain your
reasoning.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Predict: If the transport proteins that carry amino acids into a cell stopped working, how might the
process affect the cell?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Infer: What might you conclude about the membrane structure of the final vesicle formed during
exocytosis and the cell membrane?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
12
Overview of Photosynthesis
KEY CONCEPT: The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.
MAIN IDEA: Photosynthesis in
plants occurs in chloroplasts.
1. What is chlorophyll?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. In what two parts of a chloroplast does photosynthesis take place?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of photosynthesis. Then explain what the
equation means and identify the reactants, products, and the meaning of the several arrows.
4. The prefix photo- means “light,” and synthesis means “to put together.” How do those meanings tell
you what happens during photosynthesis?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. The prefix chloro- means “green,” and the suffix -phyll means “leaf.” How are these meanings
related to chlorophyll?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13
Overview of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
KEY CONCEPT
The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP
using oxygen.
MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
1. What is function of cellular respiration?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Does glucose actually react with oxygen during cellular respiration? Explain
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
3. In what two ways does cellular respiration seem to be the opposite of photosynthesis?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of cellular respiration. Explain what the equation
means. Identify the reactants, products, and the meaning of the several arrows.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. The prefix glyco- comes from a Greek word that means “sweet.” The suffix -lysis comes from a
Greek word that means “to loosen.” How are the meanings of these word parts related to the meaning
of glycolysis?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. What does it mean to say that glycolysis is an anaerobic process?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
14
KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.
When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic
process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of
fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by
glycolysis, to form NAD+. The molecules of NAD+ are recycled to glycolysis, which can continue to
produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. There are two main types of fermentation.
• Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process.
Energy from the NADH molecules is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. NADH molecules are
converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis to pick up more electrons. This type of
fermentation occurs in many types of cells, including human muscle cells.
• Alcoholic fermentation: Like lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter
fermentation. Energy from NADH is used to break down pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide.
NADH molecules are converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis. Alcoholic
fermentation is used by many types of yeast.
Both types of fermentation are used in various commercial processes. Lactic acid fermentation is used
to make yogurt. Alcoholic fermentation is used to make dough rise.
1. What is the function of fermentation?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. When does fermentation take place in your muscle cells?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. How is fermentation involved in the production of ATP?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? different?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Name a commercial use of fermentation.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. The term fermentation is based on a word that means “to bubble”. How is this meaning related to
your understanding of the fermentation process?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15
Cell Reproduction
Cell Cycle in Detail: Identify the steps below using the following words:
prophase, cytokinesis, metaphase, telophase, interphase, anaphase
Vocabulary Review: Use the following list of words to complete each statement below: metastasize,
growth factors, mitosis, apoptosis, chromosome, carcinogen, asexual reproduction, stem cells, cancer
7) A type of disease may result if cell division is not properly regulated
________________
8) The division of the nucleus and its contents
________________
9) A substance known to produce or promote the development of cancer
________________
10) Long continuous strand of DNA wrapped tightly around proteins
________________
11) The programmed death of cells
________________
12) When cancer cells break away from the tumor and attach to other areas
________________
13) Reproduction of offspring from one parent
________________
14) A unique type of body cell that has the ability to develop into a variety
of specialized cell types
________________
15) A group of proteins that regulates cell division
________________
16
NAME THAT ORGANISM
Directions: Match the scientific names below with the corresponding common name. Use the helpful
hints at the bottom of the page. Use the process of elimination for ones that you can’t figure out.
1. Coyote ________
A.) Pinus strobus
2. Man ________
familiaris)
B.) Canis familiaris (Canis lupis
3. Leopard Frog ________
C.) Canis latrans
4. Bison ________
D.) Canis lupus
5. Jaguar ________
E.) Salmo salar
6. Crocodile _______
F.) Salmo trutta
7. Gray Wolf ________
G.) Ursus americanus
8. Grizzly Bear _______
H.) Ursus horribilis
9. Paramecium ________
I.) Rosa longifolia
10. Feral (Wild) Horse _______
J.) Ameba proteus
11. Amoeba ________
K.) Felis domesticatus (Felis catus)
12. Atlantic Salmon _______
L.) Panthera leo
13. Lion ________
M.) Panthera onca
14. Black Bear _______
N.) Paramecium caudatum
15. Grass Frog ________
O.) Equus caballus
16. Domestic Dog ________
P.) Rana onca
17. Rose ________
Q.) Rana pipiens
18. House Cat _______
R.) Crocodylus acutus
19. Brown Trout ________
S.) Homo sapiens
20. White Pine ________
T.) Bos bison (Bison bison)
Some helpful hints
dogs belong to the genus Canis
bears belong to the genus Ursus
trout and salmon belong to the genus Salmo
most big cats belong to the genus Panthera
frogs belong to the genus Rana
17
Classification Review Worksheet
Short Answer
1) How were the classification systems of Aristotle and Linnaeus similar?
2) The word part bi- means “two”, and the word part nomen means “name.” Explain how these word
parts relate to the system scientists use to identify organisms.
3) Give two reasons why scientists use scientific names when talking about a specific organism.
4) Explain why Aristotle’s system of classifying animals is no longer used by biologists. Use
examples from the animal kingdom to support your answer.
5) Name the seven (or eight) levels of organization in Linnaeus’s system of classifying organisms,
from largest category to smallest. Then write your own mnemonic for the levels of organization.
18
Adapted from Mr. Nic EOC Biology Review