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Chapter 3:
Biochemistry
Essential Question: How does
function depend on structure?
I. Carbon Compounds
A. Organic compounds: contain carbon atoms that
are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to
other atoms
1. Carbon atoms have 4 positions for
bonding to 4 other atoms
2. Results in a huge variety of
compounds
B. Functional groups: clusters of atoms that influence
the properties of the molecule
1. Alcohol: OH is attached to carbon and makes the
molecule polar
2. Some alcohols are needed by organisms to carry
out their life processes
C. Large carbon molecules
1. Monomers: small, simple molecules
2. Polymer: repeated, linked units
Polymers
3. Macromolecules: large polymers
Macromolecule
4. Condensation reaction: monomers link and
water is produced
5. Hydrolysis: using water to break the bonds of
complex molecules
6. ATP (adenosine triphosphate): compound with a
large amount of energy
a) covalent bond breaks and energy
is released
b) energy is used by the cell to drive chemical
reactions
ATP
Section 8-1
Adenine
Go to
Section:
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
Comparison of ADP and ATP to a
Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Partially
charged
battery
Go to
Section:
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully
charged
battery
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Go to
Section:
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
II. Molecules of Life
A. Carbohydrates:
Function: organic compounds composed of C,
H, and O and it stores energy
1. Monosaccharides: monomer: simple sugar
a) Examples: glucose, fructose, and
galactose
b) Isomers: same chemical formula but
different shapes
2. Disaccharide: double sugar
3. Polysaccharide: complex molecule composed of 3 or
more monosaccharides
Examples:
a) starch: in plants, glucose is linked together
b) glycogen: in animals,
glucose is linked together
B. Proteins: Organic compounds composed of C,H, O,
and N and it makes up skin and muscles, and controls
rates of reactions
1. Amino Acids: Monomer- 20 building blocks of
proteins
a) Central C with COOH group, NH2 group, H,
and one other functional group
b) Differences give different shapes which lead to
different functions
Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Go to
Section:
Alanine
Serine
A Protein
Section 2-3
Amino
acids
Go to
Section:
2. Peptide bond: two amino acids form a covalent bond
a) dipeptide: two amino acids
b) polypeptide: long chain of amino acids that
form proteins
Proteins
3. Enzymes (catalysts): speed up the reaction
a) Substrate: reactant being catalyzed
b) Enzyme and substrate have shapes that allow
them to fit together Enzyme action
C. Lipids: Function: Large, nonpolar organic
molecules that do not dissolve in water and it
stores energy efficiently and makes up cell
membranes
1. Fatty acids-monomer: unbranched carbon
chain
a) two ends of the chain are very
different
b) hydrophilic: water loving
c) hydrophobic: water fearing
2. Complex lipid examples
a) triglyceride: three molecules of fatty acid
joined to glycerol (animal fat)
b) phospholipids: two fatty acids joined to
glycerol ( cell membrane)
c) wax: long fatty acid chain joined to a long
alcohol chain
3. Steroids: four fused carbon rings with different
functional groups
a) Examples: testosterone and cholesterol
Lipids
D. Nucleic Acids: Function: Large and complex
molecules that store genetic information in the cell
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): contains all the
information for almost all cell activities
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid): stores and transfers
information needed for making proteins
3. Nucleotides- linked monomers made up of
three parts
a) phosphate group
b) sugar
c) nitrogen base
Nucleic acid
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Go to
Section:
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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