Download Ancient Rome

• Standard(s):
21. Trace the founding of Rome to Caesar
Augustus (Pax Romana)
22. List the key
contributions/accomplishments of the
Roman Empire
23. Identify key figures of the period and
their contributions or area of influence
24. Give reasons for the decline of the
Roman Empire
25. Trace the growth of Christianity during
Roman rule
Ancient Rome
The Land of Italy
• A peninsula,
shaped like a
boot, that juts
into the
Mediterranean
Sea
Sicily
• An island west of the
“toe”
– Attracted Ancient
Greeks
• Because of it’s rich
farmland
The Alps
• Northern border
of present-day
Italy
• Walled off Italy
from the rest of
Europe
The Apennines
• Mountains that form
a “backbone” down
the peninsula
• Their great height
makes travel
difficult
• Lacks rich soil
– The people turned
to sheep herding
Fertile Plains
• Po River Valley
– One of the most important
• Latium
– The Tiber River runs
through the center of the
plain
– Location of the center of
the Roman Empire
Rome
• Rome developed over
seven hills
– They protected the
city from attack
• The Tiber River eased
travel between the
mountains and
Mediterranean coast
– Brought goods and news from faraway seaports
• The Latium plain is surrounded by inactive volcanoes
– Past eruptions created rich soil
Prosperous Farms
• Grew wheat, beans cabbage, and lettuce, and
fruit
• Grew grapes for wine
– Watered down for drinking
– Poured into
wounds for
healing
– Became a
valuable trade
good
The Etruscans
• Early settlers on the Etrurian plain
– Tuscany today
• 575 B.C. conquered much of the Italian
peninsula
– Including Rome
– Ruled for many years
• Review pg 221 #1 – 5
• In complete sentences, incorporating
the question into the answer
The Roman Republic
Early Rome
• Rome was divided into two groups
– Patricians
– Plebeians
• Members of
• Farmers
Rome’s noble
• Tradesmen
families
• craftsworkers
• They owned
farms
–Plebeians
worked the
land
• Rome had few slaves
• Roman women could not participate in
civil life
The Republic
• 494 B.C.
– The Plebeians rebelled
– The Patricians were forced to accept the
plebeian’s demands
– The Roman Republic lasted for 500 years
Government
• The citizens of Rome elected their
representatives
– Citizens elected people to run the
government
– Similar to the U.S. today
– But … in Rome not all votes were
equal
Three Branches of Government
Senate
• Oldest and most powerful branch
– Controlled by
Patricians
– Said how Rome
would act
toward other
governments
– Controlled the
money
– Chosen for Life
Citizen Assembly
• Elected by the patricians
• Elected the tribunes
– As their representatives
– Leaders of the citizens assembly
– Protected the rights of the plebeians
• Elected Consuls
• Had to agree to the laws and any
changes.
– Checks and Balances
Consuls
• Elected by the Citizen Assembly
• Served one year as army commanders
and judges
– Could order arrests
– Could propose laws
• The Citizens Assembly could veto
their actions
• One Consul had to be a Plebeian
The Twelve Tablets
• Governed all aspects of Roman life
– Marriage
– Trade
– Warfare
• Were posted in the Forum
– Part market, part town square
– Where citizens presented their cases
to the judges
The First Punic War
• 264 B.C. Roman
soldiers land on
the island of
Sicily
• Sparked
conflicts with
the empire of
Carthage
• After 20 years of fighting Carthage
surrendered Sicily to Rome
• Rome seized more lands controlled by
Carthage
The Second Punic War
• 218 B.C.
– Hannibal is sent with a Carthaginian
army to attack Rome
– Rome’s navy controlled the waters
– Hannibal planned to attack by land
• Hannibal arched from Spain, over the
Alps
– With 90,000 men and trained
elephants
• Hannibal crossed the Alps but lost
thousands of men
– He defeated many Roman armies
– He caused a lot of destruction
– but was stranded and had to retreat
• 202 B.C.
– While Hannibal was in Italy, Roman
consul Scipio Africanus invaded
Carthage
– Hannibal returned and fought, but
was defeated at the Battle of Zama
– Rome was now the most powerful
nation in the Mediterranean region
Roman and Greece
• Between
214 and
148 B.C.
Rome
conquered
Greece
• The wealthy
collected Greek art
– Rome was
influenced
by Greek
culture
• Educated
Romans
learned to
speak
Greek
Shared Gods and Goddesses
• Greek/Roman god(dess) research
activity
Power Brings Problems
• The rich grew richer
• The poor grew
poorer
• Rome’s government
was designed to
govern a city, not an
empire
Effort at Reform
• Rome’s conquered territories felt they
had no say in the government
• 90 B.C. – Rome’s
Italian allies
revolted
– When the revolt
ended they
were given
Roman
citizenship
• Review pg 229 #1 – 5
• In complete sentences, incorporating
the question into the answer
The Roman Empire
Julius Caesar
• Born into a
patrician family
• In 59 B.C. he was
elected consul of
Rome
• In 58 B.C. he
became the
military governor
of Roman Gaul
(part of today’s
France)
• By 51 B.C.
Caesar had
conquered the
rest of Gaul
– Extending
Rome’s
control to
the English
Channel
• The Senate worried about Caesar’s
growing power
– And ordered him to
return to Rome
without his army
• Instead, he and his
army crossed the
Rubicon River into Italy
– And started a civil
war
Pompey
• Caesar’s main
enemy
• Caesar defeated
him
– Pompey fled to
Egypt
• And was
murdered
Cleopatra
• Caesar sailed to
Alexandria
• Helped Cleopatra
defeat her brother
Ptolemy for the throne
of Egypt
• In return, Cleopatra
gave Caesar money to
continue fighting for
control of Rome
• In 45 B.C. Caesar
returned to Rome
and made himself
dictator
– A ruler with sole
power
Caesar’s Rule
• Gave land to his
soldiers
• Gave free grain to poor
citizens
• Increased the number of people in the
senate
• Granted Roman citizenship to people not
born in Rome
• Ordered a new, more accurate calendar
– Named the month of his birth “July”
• Senators grew concerned with Caesar
– About all the changes he made
– About his growing power and
popularity
– About his destroying tradition
– They thought
he was going to
make himself
king
The “Ides of March”
• Caesar arrived at the Senate and was
stabbed to death by enemies
Octavian
• After Caesar’s death civil war broke out
again
• After 14 years of fighting
Octavian, Caesar’s grand
nephew, defeated his rivals
and becomes imperator
(emperor)
– He took the name Augustus
– He reformed the
government of Rome
• Augustus made the government more
efficient
– Built new roads, buildings, water systems
– Created a a single system of government
and money
– Goods came in from all over the
Mediterranean
• Wheat from North
Africa
• Copper pots from
Spain
• Greek wool, Egyptian
linen, Chinese silk
Pax Romana
• Latin for
“Roman Peace”
• A time of
stability and
prosperity
• Lasted from 27
B.C. to A.D. 193
Rome
• About one million people lived in Rome
• Under Augustus Romans enjoyed
– Police and fire protection
– Free bread
– Entertainment
• At the city’s
center was the
Forum
– Large marble
buildings
– Theaters
Gladiators
• Were forced to
fight in arenas
• Were slaves or
criminals
condemned to
death
The Colosseum
• An enormous stadium built for
gladiator “games”
Controlling the Empire
• Rome taxed everyone to pay for its
empire
• Army units enforced Roman law
– Roman soldiers
were paid to
serve
• Many were poor
men looking to
earn a living
The Census
• A count of people living in the empire
• Taken every five years
Pompeii
• In A.D. 79 Mount Vesuvius, a volcano
in southern Italy, erupted and buried
the city in ash
• People were caught unaware
• Archeologists
excavated (dug
out) the city
– Tells us about
life in Pompeii
Daily Life
• The city was laid out in blocks
• Many houses were found both rich and
poor
– Some with shops
– Larger ones with
gardens
• Public buildings
– Baths
– Theaters
Rome’s Great Projects
• Aqueducts
– Raised
waterways
that
brought
fresh
water into
the city
Public Baths
• Where people
went to discuss
politics,
business, and
to gossip to
friends
• Included
libraries,
museums and
art galleries
• The Arch
– Carried great weight
– Keystone pressed against other stones
locking them in place
– Replaced columns to hold up roofs
• Concrete
– Used to form
walls of temples,
baths, and
bridges, many
that are still
standing
• Review pg 239 #1 – 5
• In complete sentences, incorporating
the question into the answer
The Birth of Christianity
The Life of Jesus
• Jesus was born in Judea
– Part of the Roman Empire under
Augustus
The New Testament
• Tells us most of what we know about
Jesus
• Together with the Old Testament (the
Hebrew Torah) it is the Bible
Jesus the Teacher
• From the age of 30
Jesus spent his time
as a Jewish teacher
– Warning people
about the
importance of
living a just life
• People believed
Jesus could
perform miracles
– And that Jesus
was the Messiah
• A leader sent
by God to
guide the
Jewish people
Christianity
• Those who followed Jesus became
know as Christians
– Their religion became known as
Christianity
Jesus’ Message
• Jesus’ teachings are often used as
parables
– Short stories that
carry a message
• Taught seeking the
right path in life
• Taught the
importance of
loving all people
The Apostles
• The 12 men Jesus chose to help him
teach
– They came from many different ways
of life with little in common
• Peter – a
fisherman
• Levi – a tax
collector
The Death of Jesus
• Jesus’ popularity
troubled some
people
– They were afraid he
would want to be
king
• The Roman governor
was afraid of a revolt
in Judea
• When Jesus came to
Jerusalem to
celebrate the
Passover the
Romans arrested him
• The Roman governor
sentenced him to die
by crucifixion
– Usually a
punishment for
criminals
Resurrection
• Three days later
Jesus rose to
heaven
• Easter celebrates
his renewed life
Christian Churches
• Jesus’ followers set up Christian
churches throughout the Roman Empire
• Some Roman leaders punished
Christians because they would not
worship the emperor
• The new religion
continued to grow
• Jesus’ message of love, hope and a
better world to come appealed to many
people living under the Roman rule.
Paul
• Originally Saul of
Tarsus
• Well educated
• At first opposed
Christianity
• Later became
Christian, changed
his name to Paul,
and helped spread
Christianity
Peter
• Helped bring
Christianity to Rome
• The first bishop
• Later the first pope,
Latin for “father”
• Review pg 245 #1 – 4
• In complete sentences, incorporating
the question into the answer
Rome and Byzantium
Unrest and Invasion
• The Roman Empire grew weaker and
poorer
• It had relied on foreign soldiers for
protection
• When Germanic people began to settle
with the Roman empire the army was
too weak to stop them
• Cities and farms were destroyed
• Trade declined
• Western Roman
cities built thick
walls for protection
• Wealthy landowners
made forts of their
homes
• The government could not collect
taxes
Diocletian
• Came to power in
A.D. 284
• Divided the empire
into two parts
– He took over the eastern half of the
empire
• Egypt
• Greece
• Western Asia
– Assistants ruled the western half
• Diocletian saw Christians as a threat to
the empire
• He began a new persecutions of
Christians
– One of the worst in history
• This is a turning point in Roman history
• Power shifted from west to east
– Rome was no longer important
Constantine
• 311 - A.D. Roman general
• Saw a cross in the sky before an
important battle
• Won the
battle
• Became
Christian
• Constantine became Emperor of Rome
and ended Christian persecution
• He made Christianity one of the official
religions of Rome
• Constantine wanted
to reunite Rome
– But knew he
couldn’t
• The eastern half
of the empire
held the power
and wealth
Constantinople
• In 330
Constantine
renamed the city
of Byzantium,
Constantinople,
and made it his
capital
• Today it is the city of Istanbul in Turkey
• Constantinople was a
major trade route
• Located on a
peninsula
– Made it easy to
defend
Protector of Christianity
• Constantine had
Christian churches
built
• Under Constantine
Christians had the
freedom to worship
• Christian leaders had
access to position,
land, and money
The “New Rome”
• The eastern empire flourished
But . . .
• In 410 invaders captured the city of
Rome
• In 476 the last emperor was gone
– Rome’s power was gone
The Byzantine Empire
• The eastern half of the Roman Empire
• Byzantine life was
based on Greek
culture
• People spoke
Greek
• Art and building
styles were
influenced by
Greece
• Writers were
influenced by
Greek philosophy
Byzantine and Christianity
• Eastern Christians
formed their own
branch of
Christianity,
Eastern Orthodox
Christianity
Justinian
• Ruled the Byzantine
Empire from 527 – 565
• Persecuted non
believers and non
Christians
– Felt they were harmful to the unity of
the empire
– Tried to recapture lands of Africa and
Europe once held by Rome
Rebuilding Constantinople
• The centerpiece of Justinian's new city
was the Church of Hagia Sophia
• Justinian built aqueducts, baths,
schools and hospitals
• Made Constantinople one of the great
cities of the world
The Justinian Code
• A code of law
created by
Justinian to
preserve Roman
law and tradition
– It dealt with
marriage,
property rights.
slavery, crime
and women’s
rights
• Principles of this code are part of the
laws of Western Europe and the United
States
Theodora
• Justinian’s wife and
assistant
– She provide advise
and support
– She supported
women’s rights
– Contributed to charities
• Built hospitals and public kitchens
• Helped save the empire when a revolt broke
out in Constantinople
• When Justinian died he left a larger
stronger empire than when he took
over
• The Byzantine Empire would last for
over a thousand years
• Review pg 253 #1 – 5
• In complete sentences, incorporating
the question into the answer
• Evaluation
– Section reviews
– Chapter Test
• Next up . . .
African
Civilizations