Download Social Facilitation

Psychology 100:12
Chapter 13
Self & Social Cognition II
Outline
 Conformity, Obedience &
helping
 Social influences on
behaviour
 Killing, hurting and (not)
helping others
Study Question:
• Compare and contrast social
facilitation with social loafing.
Why does the presence of
others sometimes improve
performance and other times
impair it?
Social Psychology
Quiz 2
Question
1
2
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13
A
B
C
D
Answer
0
2
0
18
1
64
22
6
51
0
2
1
56
65
0
45
2
12
0
8
28
1
66
0
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3
1
49
2
40
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0
35
28
5
0
62
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0
15
19
6
50
2
1
4
9
0
2
57
2
B
C
B
C
D
A
C
B
A
B
C
D
A
Social Psychology
Quiz 2
Question
14
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55
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56
60
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B
4
62
17
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0
63
1
47
0
11
27
43
C
1
1
43
7
5
0
3
6
54
49
14
18
D
5
1
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0
1
1
61
10
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8
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Answer
A
B
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A
A
B
D
B
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B
B
Social Psychology
• Social Influences on behaviour
– Latanés social impact theory
>Source: Person exerting the social force.
>Target: Person receiving the social force.
>Three Propositions.
 Impact is a product of the strength, immediacy, and
number of sources.
 Impact of each additional source decreases as the
number increases
 Impact is inversely related to the number of targets
Social Psychology
• Social Influences on behaviour
– Example: Stage fright
>Strength, immediacy, and number of sources
 Stage fright increases with status and size of
audience.
>Impact of each additional source decreases as
the number increases
 Slope of the anxiety function diminishes as audience
gets larger
>Impact is inversely related to the number of
targets
 Anxiety decreases with increasing number of actors.
Social Psychology
• Social Influences on behaviour
– Other’s requests
>Social impact theory predicts that we will comply
 When requester has higher status (strength)
 When the requester is in front of you
(immediacy)
 There are more than one requester (number)
Social Psychology
• Conformity
– Asch’s experiment
>Results over 76 % make at least one error
 Busking and float money;
 Canned laughter
A B C
Social Psychology
• Obedience & authority
– Person perception and authority
>Wilson’s (1968) study.
 Participants judged the height of a visiting speaker
Introduced as
Average height
judgment
>Student
>Demonstrator
>Lecturer
>Sr. Lecturer
>Professor
68.75
70.5
71.0
71.5
72.5
Social Psychology
• Blind obedience
– Obedience ---> social order, law.
– Blind Obedience ---> Ethnic cleansing.
• Milgram’s experiment
– Prediction: Less than 1% would go all the way.
> Results: 63 % (cf. Milgram’s 37)
> Learner in same room, half a meter away:
> Force the hand onto the shock plate:
> Other teachers continue:
> Other teacher quits:
40%
30%
72%
11%
Shock Level
Slight
Moderate
Strong
Very Strong
Intense
Extremely Intense
DANGER
XXX
Social Psychology
• Social Facilitation, Inhibition, and Loafing
– Triplett (1897)
>Social Facilitation: Enhanced performance due to the
presence of others.
>Social Inhibition: Impaired performance due to the
presence of others.
>Yerkes - Dodson Law
 Home field disadvantage?
Moderate
Task
Easy task
Performance
– Zanjonc’s theory
Difficult
Task
High
Low
Low
High
Arousal
Social Psychology
• Social Loafing
– Ringleman’s tug of war
>Force = 8 X individuals + Social facilitation
>Results: About 1/2 the force of the 8 individuals
>Latané’s shouting experiment
 Individual assessment --> Social facilitation
 No Individual assessment --> Social loafing
 Responsibility --> No loafing.
Social Psychology
• Bystander Intervention
– Good Samaritan Day (March 13)
> Kitty Genovese
– When do we help?
>When we notice the situation (Latane & Darley)
 Students fill out questionnaires (self vs group)
 Smoke starts to pour into the room
 Solitary students notice immediately
 Students in groups significantly slower to notice
Social Psychology
– When do we help?
>Assume Personal responsibility (Darly & Latané)
 Participants in separate rooms and are told they were
going to have a discussion over an intercom system.
• Subjects think a confederate is having seizure
• Believed they were alone, or that one or four
others had heard
– Number of others present
0
1
2
Helping response
90%
60%
25%
Social Psychology
• Disposition vs. Situation (Darley & Batson)
– Theological seminary students
> Asked to think about a Good Samaritan speech or
something else.
> Told to go to another building to record the speech
 “ It will be a few minutes before they are ready for you, but you
might as well head over”
 “They were expecting you a few minutes ago so you better hurry”
> Along the way-pass man sitting in doorway slumped
over, head down, coughing and groaning.
 Unhurried - 66% stopped to help
 Hurried - 10% stopped to help