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Name:______________________ Genetics 1 Section 1: Medel Genetics Genetics: ________________________________________________________________ Heredity:________________________________________________________________ Remember → THEN Chromosome ______________________________________________________________ Trait (Gene) ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Allele ______________________________________________________________ Example:_______________________________________________________ ● Chromatids occur in __________ therefore, genes also occur in _____________ NAME Dominant DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION D 2 Recessive d Phenotype Genotypes DD, Dd, dd Homozygous DD, dd Heterozygous Dd _____________ _____________ P1 _____________ F1 ____ Laws to follow with genetics 3 _________________________________ occurs when ___________ separate from each other during __________, so ___ gene can go to each cell • during _________________, ___ gene from the dad and ___ of the same type from the mom come together 2.______________________________________ • _____________ randomly distribute themselves during __________ formation • each time a ______________ is formed, there is an ______________ chance for each ___________ to occur *gamete= ___________________ 1. • Wildcats Share Looking at the following pairs of genes, determine what the genotype and phenotype for each would be. (Given: Red is dominant over white) 1. 2. Genotype = ___________ Phenotype = ___________ 3. Genotype = ___________ Phenotype = ___________ 4. Genotype = ___________ Phenotype = ___________ Genotype = ___________ Phenotype = ___________ Using the key below, determine the missing genotypes and phenotypes. R = red flowers T = tall plants r = white flowers t = short plants A. B. C. D. TT rr Rr Tt ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ 4 A. Tall plants _______________________ B. Short plants _______________________ C. Red flowers _______________________ D. White _______________________ Section 2: Double Traits In peas the following information is given: R = smooth r = wrinkled G = green g = yellow Based on the given, what would the phenotypes of the following be? ● RRGg = ___________________ * rrGg = ________________ ● RRgg = ___________________ * rrGG = ________________ ● Rrgg = ___________________ * RrGg = ________________ ● rrgg = ___________________ * RRGG = ________________ Based on the given, what could the genotypes of the following be? ● Wrinkled green seeds = _____________________ ● wrinkled, yellow seeds = _____________________ ● smooth, green seeds = ________________________ ● smooth, yellow seeds = ________________________ 5 Using what we know about punnett squares and single trait crosses, let’s solve the following together… 1. A cross between a wrinkled yellow seed and a heterozygous smooth green seed Key: Punnett Square: P1 Genotypes: P1 Phenotypes: F1 Genotypes: F1 Phenotypes: 2. A cross between two heterozygous smooth, green seeds Key: Punnett Square: P1 Genotypes: X P1 Phenotypes: F1 Genotypes: F1 Phenotypes: 6 Section 3: Sex-linked Remember: ● Each human cell has _______ chromosomes o chromosomes occur in ________ o … therefore there are _____ pairs of chromosomes in each human cell ● The sex chromosome is _______. It determines the sex of the individual → meaning it determines if the individual is ________ or _______. ● Males and females have different genotypes: o The genotype for females is _____ ______ o The genotype for males is _____ _____ ● Using this information… P1: XY x XX Gametes: ___________ We can see that there is ______% chance for the baby to be a girl and a _____% chance for the baby to be a boy. ● From this information which parent do you think determines the sex of the baby? _________ ● Females have a ______ genotype, therefore they have _____ gene (trait) on each X chromosome which give them a _______ of genes (traits) ● Males on the other hand have a ______ genotype, and therefore only have _____ gene (trait) on the X chromosome and ______ genes (traits) on the Y chromosome 1. _________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________ 7 Examples: N = Normal Vision n = Colorblind Give the phenotype of the following: (remember when doing phenotypes of sex – linked characteristics you have to include whether it is male or female) A. XNXN ___________________ B. XNY ___________________ C. XnXn ___________________ D. XNXn ___________________ E. XnY ___________________ Give the genotype for each of the following: A. Color Blind Female _________________ B. Homozygous normal vision female _________________ C. Heterozygous normal vision female _________________ D. Color blind male _________________ E. Normal vision male _________________ When identifying the phenotype of the male sex, why is it that you do not have to state homozygous or heterozygous in the description???? _______________________________________________________________________ Wildcats Share Practicing Sex – Linked Traits: 1. A heterozygous female marries a color blind male Key: P1 Genotypes: ________ X _________ F1: % of having a child which is normal _____ % of having a child who is colorblind _____ % of the F1 generation that are: normal vision males: _____ Color blind males: _____ 8 Normal vision females Color blind females _____ _____ 2. A homozygous normal female marries a color-blind male. Key: P1 Genotypes: ________ X _________ F1: % of having a child which is normal _____ % of having a child who is colorblind _____ % of the F1 generation that are: normal vision males: _____ Color blind males: _____ Normal vision females _____ Color blind females _____ 3. A color-blind female marries a normal vision male. Key: P1 Genotypes: ________ X _________ F1: % of having a child which is normal _____ % of having a child who is colorblind _____ % of the F1 generation that are: normal vision males: _____ Color blind males: _____ Normal vision females _____ Color blind females _____ 1. From which parent does the male child receive the sex-linked trait? _______________________________________________________ 2. Is it possible to have a heterozygous male? Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 9 3. Why is it more likely to have a color-blind male than a color-blind female? _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Section 4: Incomplete/ Co-dominance Incomplete Dominance:_________________________ ● neither trait is __________ the other, therefore- a ____________ results Example =____________________________________________________________ Co- Dominance: _________________________ ● neither trait is __________ the other, therefore- a ______________ show through Example=Black feather chicken + white feather chicken=___________________________ Rules for Incomplete/Co problems: 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ Keys: Incomplete: Flowers: Co-Dominance: Cattle: Red = _____ Blue = ______ Purple = _____ Red = _____ White = _____ Roan = ______ Wildcats Share Incomplete Practice Problems: 1. Red flower crossed with a blue flower Key: P1 Phenotype: ________ X _______ P1 Genotype: ________ X _______ F1: Genotype % and Phenotype % R R _______ Red _______ R’ R’ _______ Blue _______ R R’ _______ Purple _______ 10 2. Red flower crossed with a purple flower: Key: P1 Phenotype: ________ X _______ P1 Genotype: ________ X _______ F1: Genotype % and Phenotype % R R _______ Red _______ R’ R’ _______ R R’ _______ Blue _______ Purple _______ How would the F1 ratios change if we crossed a blue and a purple flower? 3. Purple flower crossed with a purple flower: Key: P1 Phenotype: ________ X _______ P1 Genotype: ________ X _______ F1: Genotype % and Phenotype % R R _______ Red _______ R’ R’ _______ Blue _______ R R’ _______ Purple _______ Wildcats Share Co-Dominance Practice Problems: 4. Red bull crossed with a white cow: Key: P1 Phenotype: ________ X _______ P1 Genotype: ________ X _______ 11 F1: Genotype % and Phenotype % R R _______ Red _______ R’ R’ _______ White _______ R R’ _______ Roan _______ 5. White bull crossed with a roan cow Key: P1 Phenotype: ________ X _______ P1 Genotype: ________ X _______ F1: Genotype % and Phenotype % R R _______ Red _______ R’ R’ _______ White _______ R R’ _______ Roan _______ 6. Roan bull crossed with a roan cow: Key: P1 Phenotype: ________ X _______ P1 Genotype: ________ X _______ F1: Genotype % and Phenotype % R R _______ Red _______ R’ R’ _______ White _______ R R’ _______ Roan _______ 7. What parents would have to be mated to get ALL roan offspring? P1 Phenotype ________ X ________ P1 Genotype ________ X ________ 8. When the same parents were mated over several years, only red and roan calves were ever produced. Give the probable genotypes of the parents, P1 ________ X ________ 12 Section 5: Blood Typing ● Blood typing combine the theories of ___________ and ___________. ● Because there are ______________ genes (traits) present. But it differs in the fact that two genes (traits) are considered to be _____________ and one gene (trait) is considered to be ____________ to the other two. ● Therefore, ABO blood typing is called ___________________. Let’s get started!!! Blood Type Chart: Phenotype Genotype Genotype What are the co-dominant blood types? ________ and __________ What is the recessive blood type? ___________ 1. If a person with type O blood marries a person with type AB blood, what types of blood can their children have? P1 _______ X ________ 13 F1 Genotypes (%) AA _____ BB _____ AO _____ BO _____ AB _____ OO _____ F1 Phenotypes (%) A _____ B _____ AB _____ O _____ Wildcats Share 2. If a person with type A blood marries a person with type B blood, could they have a child with type O blood? P1 _______ X ________ F1 Genotypes (%) AA _____ BB _____ AO _____ BO _____ AB _____ OO _____ F1 Phenotypes (%) A _____ B _____ AB _____ O _____ 3. Jack is married to Jane and Jim is married to Julie. Both couples have little baby girls. Jack’s blood type O and Jane’s is AB. While Jim’s blood type is heterozygous A and Julie’s is O. Baby Jamie has type O blood and baby Jill has type B. Which baby belongs to which set of parents? P1 _______ X ________ 14 (Jack) (Jane) F1 Genotypes (%) AA _____ BB _____ AO _____ BO _____ AB _____ OO _____ F1 Phenotypes (%) A _____ B _____ AB _____ O _____ P1 _______ X ________ (Jim) (Julie) F1 Genotypes (%) AA _____ BB _____ AO _____ BO _____ AB _____ OO _____ F1 Phenotypes (%) A _____ B _____ AB _____ O _____ The blood type of parents is often used as evidence in paternity cases. Given below are the blood types of mothers and their children who are involved in a paternity suit. Your job, as an expert for the defense, is to determine all possible blood types for the father and to determine the blood type (s) that would prove the man NOT to be the father, in turn freeing him of any financial responsibility. 1. Mother is type A and the child is type B Mother’s Genotype Child’s Genotype What gene had to come from dad Which genotypes have this possible gene? 15 Which blood type(s) proves the man is not the father? ______________ Wildcats Share 2. Mother is type B and the child is type AB: Mother’s Genotype Child’s Genotype What gene had to come from dad Which genotypes have this possible gene? Which blood type(s) proves the man is not the father? ______________ 3. Mother is type B and the child is type O: Mother’s Genotype Child’s Genotype What gene had to come from dad Which genotypes have this possible gene? Which blood type(s) proves the man is not the father? ______________ Section 6: Pedigree Pedigree ___________________________________________ Rules to follow: Symbols: 16 Pedigree Practice problem: Wendy called many of her relatives and asked about the trait of tongue rolling. She recorded the following results. Wendy’s Mom’s Side: Aunt Betty Roller Uncle Bob Non –roller Grandma Mary Roller Grandpa Mark roller Betty’s ex-husband Berry ??? Betty’s daughter: Bea Non-roller Wendy’s mom Barbara non-roller Wendy’s Father’s Side: Father Rob roller Uncle Frank roller Frank’s wife – Fran non-roller Frank Jr. non-roller Frank Jr.’s ex –wife Stacy??? Frank III roller Grandpa Joe non-roller Grandma Jan ??? Great Grandma Ann roller Great Grandpa Steve roller *** Wendy can roll her tongue; her brother William is a non-roller 17 Name:______________________________ Hr.:_____________ Unit 7: Genetics Vocab Instructions: Define the following terms below. Term 1. Genetics Definition 2. allele 3. Gene/Trait 4. Homozygous 5. Phenotype 9. 10. Genotype Heterozygous 18 11. Incomplete dominance 13. Codominance 14. Pedigree 15. Punnett Square *This would be a great sheet to review before the Vocab Quiz! 19