* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Click to edit Master title style Hepatitis B Click to edit Master title style
Herpes simplex wikipedia , lookup
Sarcocystis wikipedia , lookup
Chagas disease wikipedia , lookup
Oesophagostomum wikipedia , lookup
Herpes simplex virus wikipedia , lookup
Ebola virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Leptospirosis wikipedia , lookup
Middle East respiratory syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Hospital-acquired infection wikipedia , lookup
Trichinosis wikipedia , lookup
Schistosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Antiviral drug wikipedia , lookup
Sexually transmitted infection wikipedia , lookup
West Nile fever wikipedia , lookup
Marburg virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Human cytomegalovirus wikipedia , lookup
Henipavirus wikipedia , lookup
Coccidioidomycosis wikipedia , lookup
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Fasciolosis wikipedia , lookup
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis wikipedia , lookup
Click to edit Master title style Hepatitis B Click to edit Master title style What is Hepatitis B ? Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is a stealthy virus that can cause severe liver damage. There is no cure, but drugs can keep the virus in check. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style The incubation period from the time of exposure to onset of symptoms is 6 weeks to 6 months. HBV is found in highest concentrations in blood and in lower concentrations in other body fluids (e.g., semen, vaginal secretions, and wound exudates). It spreads through contact with blood and other body fluids. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style Source: medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style Symptoms and Pathogenesis Click to edit Master title style Incubation period: 45 to 160 days (average: 120 days) Among persons with chronic HBV infection, the risk for premature death from cirrhosis or hepato-cellular carcinoma is 15%–25%. Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in a person’s body. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style Hepatitis B can be either “acute” or “chronic.” Acute Hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. Acute infection can (but does not always) to chronic infection. Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in a person’s body. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style Symptoms of acute Hepatitis B, if they appear, can include: Fever Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Dark urine Clay-colored bowel movements Joint pain Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes) Click to edit Master title style Chronic infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Many people have no symptoms for years. Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver failure, liver cancer, or even death. Click to edit Master title style Source : DermNetNZ.org Click to edit Master title style Source: CDC Click to edit Master title style Epidemiology Click to edit Master title style About 2 billion people worldwide infected with the virus About 350 million worldwide live with chronic infection. An estimated 600,000 persons die each year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B. About 25% of adults who become chronically infected during childhood later die from liver cancer or cirrhosis caused by the chronic infection. Source WHO Click to edit Master title style Estimated 43,000 new infections in 2007 Estimated 1.2 million people with chronic HBV infection Estimated 3,000 persons in the United States die from HBV-related illness per year. Approximately 2,000–4,000 people die every year Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style *Adjusted for underreporting. Source: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) Source: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) 239 Injection-drug use 1854 42 Men who have sex with men¶ 182 875 925 284 Multiple sex partners 0 *A total of 3,371 case reports of hepatitis B were received in 2009. † More than one risk behavior may be indicated on each case report. § No risk data reported. ¶A total of 2,038 hepatitis B cases were reported among males in 2009. Source: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) § 1814 18 Household contact No Missing 68 Sexual contact Yes 1,278 609 500 2428 2428 2478 1000 1500 Number of cases 2000 2500 Click to edit Master title style Risk factors Click to edit Master title style HBV is efficiently transmitted by percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to infectious blood or body fluids that contain blood. The primary risk factors that have been associated with infection among adolescents and adults are unprotected sex with an infected partner, unprotected sex with more than one partner, MSM, history of other STDs, and illegal injecting-drug use. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style People can become infected with the virus during activities like: Birth (spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth) Sex with an infected partner Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person Direct contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp Click to edit Master title style Populations at increased risk of HBV infection: Infants born to infected mothers Sex partners of infected persons Sexually active persons not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship Men who have sex with men Injection drug users Household contacts of persons with chronic HBV infection Healthcare and public safety workers at risk for occupational exposure to blood or blood-contaminated body fluids Hemodialysis patients Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled Travelers to countries with intermediate or high prevalence of HBV Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com infection Click to edit Master title style Prevention Click to edit Master title style The best way to prevent Hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. Prevent perinatal HBV transmission Routine vaccination of all infants Vaccination of children in high-risk groups Vaccination of adolescents All children up through age 18 Vaccination of adults in high-risk groups Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style All children should get their first dose of Hepatitis B vaccine at birth and complete the vaccine series by 6– 18 months of age. All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not yet gotten the vaccine should also be vaccinated. "Catch-up" vaccination is recommended for children and adolescents who were never vaccinated or who did not get the entire vaccine series. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style Infants and children: 3 to 4 doses given over a 6- to 18-month period depending on vaccine type and schedule Adults: 3 doses given over a 6-month period Source CDC, 2011 Click to edit Master title style Treatment Click to edit Master title style No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive. Persons with chronic HBV infection should be referred for evaluation to a physician experienced in the management of CLD. Source CDC, 2011 and medecinenet.com Click to edit Master title style Comparison between HIV and HBV HIV HBV Transmission Sex, bloody fluid Sex, blood ,body fluids Pathogen Virus Risks factors Unprotected sex, multiple partners, other STDs, injectingdrug use, MSM Treatment No treatment but medications slow down destruction of the immune system Vaccine No vaccine Click to edit Master title style Virus Unprotected sex, multiple partners, other STDs, injectingdrug use, MSM No treatment Very efficient vaccine TRANSMISSION HIV HBV Cuts or breaks in the skin Yes Yes Breast milk Injections or needle stick No style ClickYesto edit Master title Yes Yes Deep kissing No No Sex Yes Yes Breathing in droplets No No Blood transfusion Yes Yes Saliva No No Dry blood (1week old) No Yes Birth to an infected mother Yes Yes Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with infected Yes Yes