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The Foundational Questions Institute (FQXi) http://www.fqxi.org/community FAQ Mission To catalyze, support, and disseminate research on questions at the foundations of physics and cosmology, particularly new frontiers and innovative ideas integral to a deep understanding of reality but unlikely to be supported by conventional funding sources. Goals - FQXi has five goals: To expand the purview of scientific inquiry to include scientific disciplines fundamental to a deep understanding of reality, but which are currently largely unsupported by conventional grant sources To redress incrementalism in research programming by establishing or expanding new "islands" of understanding via flexible funding of high-risk, high-reward research in these areas To forge and maintain useful collaborations between researchers working on foundational questions in physics, cosmology, and related fields To provide the public with a deeper understanding of known and future discoveries in these areas, and their potential implications for our worldview To create a logistically, intellectually, and financially self-sustaining independent Institute to accomplish these goals during and beyond the initial four year program beginning in 2006, thereby pioneering a new model of philanthropically-funded scientific research FQXi therefore aims to support research that is both foundational (with potentially significant and broad implications for our understanding of the deep or "ultimate" nature of reality) and unconventional (enabling research that, because of its speculative, non-mainstream, or high-risk nature, would otherwise go unperformed due to lack of funding). Programs & Structure In support of these goals, the Institute will offer a number of programs, including: Grants: FQXi directs Grants through a Donor Advised Fund (DAF) at the Silicon Valley Community Foundation. While the DAF administers the grantmaking program, FQXi advises the DAF on what grants to make. Funding will be provided as research grants to theorists and experimenters in support of personnel, equipment, travel, workshops, and experiments; some funding will also target projects that effectively disseminate information about foundational questions in physics and cosmology to laypeople. Proposals will be subject to a standard competitive process of expert peer review similar to that employed by national scientific funding agencies, and will target research unlikely to be otherwise funded by conventional sources. Mini-Grants: A number of Mini-Grants will be available each year via a streamlined application process for travel, lecture programs, workshops, and other small projects initiated by FQXi Members (only). Contests: The Institute will support essay and other contests, with a number of prizes awarded for a variety of subjects, with the purpose of identifying and supporting pioneering thinkers, and stimulating interesting and innovative thinking on foundational questions. Conferences: Two or more international Conferences will be convened during the first four years, to connect the Membership, share results, and disseminate supported research to professionals and the public. Structure The Foundational Questions Institute (FQXi) is an international, diverse group of visionaries in physics, cosmology, and closely related fields, which seeks answers to foundational questions in these disciplines. FQXi is a nonprofit organization that provides monetary, organizational, and intellectual support for the study of foundational questions in physics and cosmology, in accord with the FQXi Scientific Charter. The Scientific Directorate provides the scientific leadership of FQXi; external reviewers make funding decisions; the Advisory Council provides scientific and programmatic oversight and counsel; the Institute receives legal and financial oversight from its Board of Directors; and grantmaking oversight is provided through a Donor Advised Fund. The Institute's activities are enhanced by the active participation of its Members. Membership consists of all researchers funded by the Institute, as well as researchers who are recruited as Members twice a year through nominations by the current Membership. Funding Building on a generous seed grant from the John Templeton Foundation, the Institute is expanding its support structure to include other donors with a vision consistent with that of FQXi. Large Grants Open to Researchers and Outreach Specialists Worldwide Approximately $7.4M in Grants have been awarded, in three Large Grant RFPs (2006, 2008, and 2010). Large Grants are awarded (through the FQXi Fund, a donor advised fund at the Silicon Valley Community Foundation) as research grants to theorists and experimenters in support of personnel, equipment, travel, workshops, and experiments; some funding also targets projects that effectively disseminate information about foundational questions in physics and cosmology to laypeople. Proposals are subject to a standard competitive process of expert peer review similar to that employed by national scientific funding agencies. Awardee Laurance Doyle Institution SETI Institute Value $25,000 Project Title Is Quantum Knowability Subject to Spacetime Warping? Donald Marolf University of California, Santa Barbara $35,100 Black hole information and firewall singularities Hector Zenil Wolfram Foundation and LABORES $41,531 MOOC Series Programme on Physical and Computational Sciences. First Series on the Physics of Information Alexander Wilce Susquehanna University $42,400 Conjugates, Correlation and Quantum Mechanics Veronika Hubeny Durham University $43,000 Measures of Holographic Information Keith Schwab California Institute of Technology $44,216 Mesoscopic Mechanical Resonators as Quantum Noninertial Reference Frames Giulio Chiribella Tsinghua University $48,300 The fundamental principles of information-dynamics Steven Giddings University of California, Santa Barbara $49,762 Information-theoretic foundations for quantum spacetime and gravity Noson Yanofsky Brooklyn College $49,924 The Algorithmic Information of Categories Jens Eisert Free University of Berlin $50,000 Decidable and undecidable in quantum mechanics Donald Spector Hobart and William Smith Colleges $50,000 Set Theoretic Forcing and Information Theory David Wolpert Santa Fe Institute $50,000 A Semantic Information-Theory Model of Reality William Wootters Williams College $50,000 Information and the origin of complex amplitudes Sumati Surya Raman Research Institute $58,000 In Search of Covariant Quantum Information Ian Durham / Dean Rickles Saint Anselm College / University of Sydney $59,762 Information and Interaction Mark Van Raamsdonk University of British Columbia $61,060 Gravity and Information Jonathan Oppenheim University College London $62,537 What are the laws of quantum thermodynamics? Caslav Brukner Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information $63,250 Quantum information without time and without causal order Adrian Kent University of Cambridge $72,589 Information Theoretic Characterization of Quantum Reality Gheorghe Paraoanu Aalto University $75,097 FACE-OFF Jacob Biamonte ISI Foundation $86,700 inert vs. living matter: facing the ultimate challenge of aggregate matter physics Wojciech Zurek Los Alamos National Laboratory $87,000 Physics of Information and Quantum Darwinism Gerardo Adesso The University of Nottingham $90,000 Quantum Informational Framework for Cybernetics Philip Goyal University at Albany (SUNY) $93,127 An Information-Theoretic Approach to Identical Particles in Quantum Theory Raphael Bousso University of California, Berkeley $93,865 Information in Free Fall John Barrow University of Cambridge $98,843 Reading Between the Lines: Information about Information Iosif Bena Theiss Research $106,538 Black Hole Information, Microstates and Singularities Woodrow Shew University of Arkansas $106,873 Physical Constraints on Mental Information Capacity and Information Output Jonathan Barrett University of Oxford $119,888 Thermodynamic vs information theoretic entropies in probabilistic theories Olimpia Lombardi Theiss Research $120,843 The nature of information for an informational reformulation of the modal-Hamiltonian interpretation of quantum mechanics Patrick Hayden Stanford University $126,824 Entanglement, Monogamy and Holography Susanne Still / Gavin Crooks University of Hawaii at Manoa / $129,524 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Foundations of information processing in living systems Flavio Mercati / Tim Koslowski Perimeter Institute / University $139,650 of New Brunswick Information, Complexity and the Arrow of Time in Shape Dynamics Paula Apsell The Nature of Reality WGBH $147,987 Otfried Gühne / Adan Cabello / University of Siegen / $162,265 Jan-Åke Larsson University of Seville / University of Linköping The nature of information in sequential quantum measurements Joseph Emerson Fundamental Tests of the Structure of Quantum Information with Neutron Interferometry TOTAL University of Waterloo $163,128 $3,003,483 Mini-Grants Open to FQXi Members Only Two rounds of Mini-Grants are available to FQXi Members each year via a streamlined application process. Mini-Grants are suitable for travel, lecture programs, workshops, and other small projects initiated by Members. Awardee Eugeny Babichev Value $1,150 Project Title Participation at NEB 15 - ”Recent Developments in Gravity" Eugene Lim Institution Laboratoire de Physique Theorique d'Orsay King's College London $1,700 Information Theoretic Bounds on Cosmology Gaurav Khanna UMass Dartmouth $2,000 Black Holes and Quantum Mechanics Hector Zenil LABORES $2,400 Algorithmic Randomness and the Physics of Information and Computation Jeffrey Barrett University of California, Irvine $3,000 IPP Workshop on Gauge Symmetry Maximilian Schlosshauer University of Portland $3,050 Quantum Physics and Information: A Single-Photon Interference Experiment for Undergraduate Students Hendrik Ulbricht University of Southampton $3,400 Optical Particle Detection and Alignment for Quantum Superposition Experiments Jenann Ismael University of Arizona $3,500 On the Relationship Between Physics and Phenomenology: Why Bergson and Merleau-Ponty Are Relevant to the Physics of Time Sara Imari Walker Arizona State University $3,500 "Power of Information" Conference Proceedings Edward Anderson DAMTP, Cambridge $5,000 Problem of Time Between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Jonathan Dowling Louisiana State University $5,000 Stefano Liberati SISSA $5,000 Closed Timelike Curves and Quantum Information Processing Experimental Searches for Quantum Gravity: A Conference for Setting the Next Years' Agenda in Quantum Gravity Phenomenology George Musser Nordita $6,000 Workshop for Science Writers in Quantum Physics Antony Valentini Clemson University $6,000 Quantum Cosmology with York Time 2010 Large Grant Awardees 2010 Awardee Joanna Karczmarek Institution University of British Columbia Value $40,000 Project Title The nature of time, emergent spacetimes and nonabelian physics Ted Jacobson University of Maryland $43,029 Growth of the vacuum in quantum cosmology Lee Smolin Perimeter Institute $47,500 Physical and cosmological consequences of the hypotheses of the reality of time Joseph Polchinski University of California, $54,329 Santa Barbara Gauge/Gravity Duality and the Emergence of Time and Space Wayne C. Myrvold The University of Western Ontario $56,650 Quantum State Evolution, Ontology, and Relativity Steven Giddings / Donald Marolf University of California, $60,862 Santa Barbara Locality and the emergence of space and time Gerard James Milburn The University $64,250 of Queensland Deriving spacetime as a relational consequence of thermodynamics Deriving spacetime as a relational consequence of thermodynamics http://www.fqxi.org/grants/large/awardees/view/__details/2010/milburn Project Summary Gerard James Milburn The University of Queensland The standard view of physics, stretching back to Einstein, is that time is described by a fundamental theory (general relativity), while thermodynamics is a statistical theory which becomes valid in the description of many particles. Most of the basic results of thermodynamics rest on the preexistence of time, yet time itself is under the control of Einstein's equations. This picture has been useful and compelling for a long time, but a set of surprising results from the 1970's, 80's, and 90's seems to be telling a different story. It is known, for example, that Einstein's equations themselves can be derived as thermodynamic relations. The deep meaning of such results remains a mystery to this day. Our approach will be to push the implications of these results as far as possible as we explore the possibility that time itself and space, as well, are emergent thermodynamic quantities, rather than fundamental, irreducible entities. This is a seldom-considered possibility that, if successful, would re-order the relationship between the pillars of modern physics. Technical Abstract One of the most surprising results in fundamental physics in the past few decades is that the Einstein equations can be derived as an equation of state. This result suggests the possibility that spacetime itself may be thermodynamic in origin, and that the relationship between thermodynamics and the fundamental theory of spacetime may not at all be as it is ordinarily presumed. We review one line of reasoning known as the "thermal time hypothesis" which describes time itself as an emergent statistical quantity. After introducing this hypothesis, we demonstrate a new result, which shows that this description of time can be interpreted to possess a local time metric field for a broad class of statistical states. We then outline a proposal for extending this approach from time to spacetime with a local metric field, which will allow us make the link to the known techniques for deriving the Einstein field equations as an equation of state -- an approach which would effectively create a new context in which spacetime is understood fully as an emergent statistical phenomenon, with a macroscopic equation of state given by the Einstein equation. arXiv:1108.0883 [pdf, ps, other] Clocks and Relationalism in the Thermal Time Hypothesis Nicolas C. Menicucci, S. Jay Olson, Gerard J. Milburn Comments: 11 pages, 3 figures Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) arXiv:0809.1907 [pdf, ps, other] Quantum Connectivity of Space-Time and Gravitationally Induced Decorrelation of Entanglement T.C.Ralph, G.J.Milburn, T.Downes Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) arXiv:quant-ph/0505175 [pdf, ps, other] Relational time for systems of oscillators G.J.Milburn, David Poulin Comments: Contribution to the Int. J. of Quant. Info. issue dedicated to the memory of Asher Peres Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) Relational time for systems of oscillators arXiv:quant-ph/0505175 G.J.Milburn and David Poulin The University of Queensland, Department of Physics, School of Physical Science, Brisbane, Australia, Abstract Using an elementary example based on two simple harmonic oscillators, we show how a relational time may be defined that leads to an approximate Schreodinger dynamics for subsystems, with corrections leading to an intrinsic decoherence in the energy eigenstates of the subsystem. Quantum Connectivity of Space-Time and Gravitationally Induced De-correlation of Entanglement T.C.Ralph, G.J.Milburn and T.Downes Department of Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia (Dated: September 11, 2008) We discuss an alternative formulation of the problem of quantum optical fields in a curved spacetime using localized operators. We contrast the new formulation with the standard approach and find observable differences for entangled states. We propose an experiment in which an entangled pair of optical pulses are propagated through non-uniform gravitational fields and find that the new formulation predicts decorrelation of the optical entanglement under experimentally realistic conditions. Clocks and Relationalism in the Thermal Time Hypothesis arXiv:1108.0883 Nicolas C. Menicucci,1 S. Jay Olson,2 and Gerard J. Milburn3 1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada 2School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia 3Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia(Dated: August 3, 2011) The Thermal Time Hypotheis (TTH) has been proposed as a general method for identifying a time variable from within background-free theories which do not come equipped with a pre-defined clock variable. Here, we explore some implications of the TTH in an entirely relational context by constructing a protocol for the creation of “thermal clocks” from components of a large but finite quantum mechanical system. The protocol applies locally, in the sense that we do not attempt to construct a single clock describing the evolution of the entire system, but instead we construct clocks which describe the evolution of each subsystem of interest. We find that a consistency condition required for the evolution of our clocks is operationally equivalent to the general relativistic Tolman-Ehrenfest relation for thermal equilibrium in a static gravitational field but without the assumption of gravity or a metric field of any kind. ДИПОЛЬНАЯ ТЕМНАЯ ЭНЕРГИЯ ПОДДЕРЖИВАЕТ РАСШИРЕНИЕ ХАББЛА С УСКОРЕНИЕМ Игорь Эдмундович Булыженков, [email protected] МФТИ (www.mipt.ru), ФИАН (lebedev.ru) Российский междисциплинарный семинар по темпорологии 119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1-12, МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова, Биологический факультет, Кафедра общей экологии 22 апреля 2014 ПОРЯДОК ШАГОВ ПРОТЯЖЕННАЯ КЛАССИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТИЦА В НЕЛОКАЛЬНОМ МИРЕ ПЕРЕКРЫВАЮЩИХСЯ ПОТОКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ ДРУГИХ ПРОТЯЖЕННЫХ ЧАСТИЦ ПРАВАЯ ЧАСТЬ УР. ЭЙНШТЕЙНА НЕ НУЖНА В НЕПУСТОМ (МАТЕРИАЛЬНОМ) ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ СКАЛЯР РИЧЧИ ИМЕЕТ СМЫСЛ ПЛОТНОСТИ СКАЛЯРНОЙ МАССЫ МАТЕРИАЛЬНОГО 3х ПРОСТРАНСТВА ГЕОДЕЗИЧЕСКОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ В НЕПУСТОМ 3х ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ ДАЕТ И ОТТАЛКИВАНИЕ Уравнение Эйнштейна в физике пустого пространства 1916 года: поле и вещество две качественно разные категории THE EVOLUTION OF PHYSICS A.Einstein and L.Infeld, NewYork, 1954 Москва, Наука, 1965. Глава 3. Поле и относительность. Раздел: Относительность и механика, стр. 164. «Классическая физика допускала две субстанции: вещество и энергия. Первое имело вес, вторая была невесома. В классической физике мы имели два закона сохранения: один для вещества, другой для энергии. … Согласно теории относительности нет существенного различия между массой и энергией. Энергия имеет массу, а масса представляет собой энергию. Вместо двух законов сохранения мы имеем только один: закон сохранения массы-энергии.» «Весит ли кусок нагретого железа больше, чем кусок холодного? Теперь мы отвечаем ДА, а раньше отвечали НЕТ.» Глава 3, раздел: Поле и вещество, стр. 200 «Мы имеем две реальности: вещество и поле… Но что является физическим критерием, разделяющим вещество и поле? Раньше, когда мы не знали ОТО, мы пытались бы ответить следующим образом: вещество имеет массу, в то время как поле ее не имеет. Поле представляет энергию, вещество представляет массу.» «Из ОТО мы знаем, что вещество представляет собой огромные запасы энергии и что энергия представляет вещество. Мы не можем таким путем провести качественное различие между веществом и полем, так как различие между массой и энергией не качественное. Гораздо большая часть энергии сосредоточена в веществе, но поле, окружающее частицу, также представляет собой энергию, хотя и в несравненно меньшем количестве. Вещество - там, где концентрация энергии велика, поле - там, где концентрация энергии мала. Это различие не качественное, а скорее количественное. Нет смысла рассматривать вещество и поле как два качества, совершенно отличные друг от друга. Мы не можем представить себе определенную поверхность, ясно разделяющую поле и вещество. Те же трудности вырастают для заряда и его поля.» Глава 3, раздел: Поле и вещество, стр.201 «Не можем ли мы отказаться от понятия вещества и построить чистую физику поля? То, что действует на наши чувства в виде вещества, есть на деле огромная концентрация энергии в сравнительно малом пространстве. Мы могли бы рассматривать вещество как такие области в пространстве, где поле чрезвычайно сильно. Таким путем можно было бы создать основы новой философии. .. брошенный камень есть изменяющееся поле, в котором состояния наибольшей интенсивности поля перемещаются в пространстве со скоростью камня. В нашей новой физике не было бы места и для поля, и для вещества, поскольку единственной реальностью было бы поле. … Нашей основной задачей было бы модифицировать законы поля таким образом, чтобы они не нарушались для областей, в которых энергия имеет колоссальную концентрацию. Заключение о том, возможно ли выполнить такую программу принадлежит будущему. В настоящее время во всех теоретических построениях мы все еще должны допускать две реальности – вещество и поле.» 1) Int. J. Theor. Phys. 47, 1261-1269 (2008), “Einstein’s gravitation for Machian relativism of nonlocal energy-charges” 2) Jour. Supercond. and Novel Magn. 22, 627-629 (2009), “Relativistic quantization of Cooper pairs and nonlocal electrons in rotating superconductors” 3) Jour. Supercond. and Novel Magn. 22, 723-727 (2009), “Superfluid massenergy densities of nonlocal particle and gravitational field” 4) J. Modern Physics, 3, N.10, 1465-1478 (2012), “Geometrization of Radial Particles in Non-Empty Space Complies with Tests of General Relativity” 5) Bullet. Lebedev Phys. Inst., 41, N1, 1-5 (2014), “Densities of electron’s continuum in gravitational and electromagnetic fields” J Supercond Nov Magn (2009) 22: 723–727 Superfluid Mass-Energy Densities of Nonlocal Particle and Gravitational Field Физика непустого пространства: вещество есть область плотного поля От непустого гравитационного пространства к протяженным элементарным зарядам Int. J. Theor. Phys. 47, 1261 (2008) 6 метрических связей и (10 - 6) =4 полевых степеней свободы в уравнениях и интервале ОТО Скаляр Риччи для плотностей активной (гравитационной) и пассивной (инерционной) массы Theor Int. Jour. Theor. Phys., v. 47, 1261, 2008 Bullet. Lebedev Phys. Inst., 41, N1, 1-5, 2014 “Densities of electron’s continuum in gravitational and electromagnetic fields” Гравитационный потенциал сильных перекрывающихся полей, формирующих области наблюдаемого плотного «вещества» и разреженного энергетического континуума - Принцип Эквивалентности Строгое сохранение энергии перекрывающихся полей !!! Дипольная природа темной части энергии метрического пространства (A+B)^2 = A^2 + B^2 + 2AB A^2 + B^2 > 0 2AB > 0 Гравитационное притяжение и отталкивание General equations of motion in the central static field, c=1 J. Modern Physics, 3, N.10, 1465-1478 (2012), “Geometrization of Radial Particles in Non-Empty Space Complies with Tests of General Relativity” Radial fall from infinity in weak and strong static fields Ускоренное расширение Метагалактики Расширение Хаббла + ускорение Такая масса и приписывается Метагалактике ! The expansion rate of the Universe Astronomers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Make the Most Precise Measurement Yet of the Expanding Universe Astronomers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey have used 140,000 distant quasars to measure the expansion rate of the Universe when it was only one-quarter of its present age. This is the best measurement yet of the expansion rate at any epoch in the last 13 billion years. The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), the largest component of the third Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSSIII), pioneered the technique of measuring the structure of the young Universe by using quasars to map the distribution of intergalactic hydrogen gas. Today, new BOSS observations of this structure were presented at the April 2014 meeting of the American Physical Society in Savannah, GA. СПАСИБО [email protected] И.Э. Булыженков Like the Cooper pair, each normal electron is distributed with a finite density n(x) Relativistic Bohr-Sommerfeld Quantization I.E. Bulyzhenkov, Jour. Supercond. & Novel Mag. 22, 627 (2009)