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Name: Science 14 Chapter 9 Life Functions Common To Living Things 1 Chapter 9 Life Functions Common to Living Things Introduction – What You will Learn about life functions common to all living things. the differences and similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. about some major human organ systems. about some of the technology used to monitor life functions. 9.1 Life Functions Common to All Living Things Text pages 180 - 181 All plants and animals share many of the same life functions. Some examples of basic life functions are: 1. _______________– moving the organism, its parts, or its internal materials 2. _______________– producing or obtaining food 3. _______________– building and repairing body parts 4. _______________ – making new cells or a new organism 5. _______________– responding to changes in the environment 6. _______________– breathing, digesting, and eliminating wastes 7. _______________ – creating needed substances Cells and Tissues are Specialized Cells, tissues, organs, and systems are all designed for their specific jobs, they are specialized. For example nerve cells are long to allow them to transmit signals over a distance. Also each system in an animal or plant works to keep it alive by performing a specific life function. For example, plant roots are adapted to take in food and water, just as a human’s mouth and teeth allow it to take in nutrients. Check Your Understanding 1. How can you prove that you are living? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Do plants and animals have the same life functions? Give an example.___________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Describe two ways in which plants o animals respond to their environment._______ ______________________________________________________________ 4. Describe how one type of cell is adapted for its function._____________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2 Investigation 9A – What Is My Role? Text page 182 Cell Type Shape Size # Function Plant Epidermal Cells Human Epidermal Cells Root Cells Cardiac Muscle Cells Human Nerve Cells Red Blood Cells 1. How is the structure of cells related to their function? 2. Choose any two of the above mentioned cell types and explain how their shape and size help it to perform the required function. 3 9.2 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Text Pages 183-185. Plants and animals both require a continuous source of energy in order to grow and function. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. Plants obtain their energy by making their own food using the process of photosynthesis. Both plants and animals use cellular respiration, animals to release energy from the food they have ingested, and plants to release the energy stored during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Glucose that is produced in energy photosynthesis is used by cellular respiration to provide energy for the plant to use. Because it is not always sunny, plant need to be able to store glucose for night times and cloudy days. This glucose is stored in the carbon glucose stem, roots, leaves, flowers, fruit, or dioxide stored within seeds of the plant. This storage the plant usually takes place in parts of the oxygen plants that animals like to eat. Eg. the root of a carrot plant or the seed of a water corn plant. carbon dioxide + water + energy glucose + oxygen Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen are now used up in order to make carbon dioxide, water, and energy. glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy The energy produced is used by organisms for their day to day functions. The process takes place in the mitochondria of the cells in both plants and animals. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle and depend on each other. Without photosynthesis, humans wouldn’t have oxygen to breath or starches in plants to eat. Without cellular respiration, plants wouldn’t be able to live through the night, and would not have as much carbon dioxide to take in. CO2 and H2O Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration O2 and Glucose 4 Photosynthesis Disc Connect Activity (1)______________ is the source of energy for most of the living organisms on the Earth. In order to be useful, energy from the Sun must be (2)_______________ or converted into (3)______________ ____________. Only 1-2% of the solar energy that reaches the earth is converted into (4)____________ ___________ by(5) ____________. Photosynthesis is the process by which ____________ ____________ convert _________ __________ from the Sun into (6)________________ ___________. Each year producers (plants) convert more than (7)____% of the total (8)__________ _________ in the atmosphere into (9)________________ such as glucose and starch. Organisms are made up of (10)_________. Each (11)________ contains specialized parts called (12) _______________. Green plants contain an organelle called a (13)________________ where photosynthesis takes place. During photosynthesis, green plants take in; 1._________________________________________ 2._________________________________________ 3._________________________________________ They then release; 1._________________________________________ 2._________________________________________ (14)Write the equation for photosynthesis below. ________________ + ______________ + ____________ ____________ + ________ 5 Both plants and animal cells contain organelles called (15)_______________ where cellular respiration takes place. This changes (16)_________________ energy in sugar into usable forms that allow organisms to grow and do work. (17)Write the equation for cellular respiration below. ____________ + ________ ________________ + ______________ + ____________ Photosynthesis and cellular respiration show us how matter and energy move in nature. Energy does not 918)________________. It (19)_____________ from one form to another. Matter (20)________________, it is used over and over again. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related because the (21)_____________ of one may become the (22)_______________ ________________ for the other. 6 9.3 Human Organ Systems Text pages 186 to 189. Our body is a machine with several different systems in it, individually performing needed tasks, while working together to allow us to function. The four main systems and their functions within our body are: Organ System Digestive System Nervous System Circulatory System Function Urinary System breaks down and digests food rids he body of solid wastes provides a communication network regulates life functions transports food molecules, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes in blood kidney filters wastes from the blood and transports them to the bladder urinary bladder holds wastes until they are excreted through the urethra Digestive System The role of the digestive system is to break complex chemicals in food into simple chemicals known as nutrients which can be absorbed and used by the cells. The main nutrient types are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Figure 9.6 on page 186 in your text shows the path and parts of the digestive system. Some key parts are: 7 Esophagus – pushes food to stomach with wave like contractions Stomach – mixes, digests, and dissolves food into a liquid form Small Intestine – neutralizes stomach acid, absorbs 80-90% of nutrients, digests Large Intestine – absorbs vitamins, minerals and water Anus – discharges solid undigested waste called feces. Circulatory System The role of the circulatory system is to move blood throughout the body. Blood pumped from the heart eventually returns to the heart in a circuit. Some hey parts are: Heart – hollow muscle that pumps the blood Arteries – blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart Veins – blood vessels that carry oxygen poor blood back to he heart & lungs. Capillaries – blood vessels with walls only one cell thick that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through the walls of the vessel into the neighboring tissues. Working Together The circulatory system and digestive system work together. The blood carries nutrients from the digestive system to the body. The blood then takes the waste from the cells that would harm the individual if they accumulated. See page 189 for a detailed explanation of this relationship. Check Your Understanding 1. Make a flowchart to show the path that food travels through the digestive system. Identify the organs at each step. 8 2. List the parts of the circulatory system and their functions. Part Function Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries 3. Explain how the circulatory system works with the digestive system. _____________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. What do you think would happen if the circulatory system were no longer able to absorb food? ____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Why do blood vessels under the skin look blue? ______________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 9.4 Keeping an Eye on Life Functions Text pages 190 – 192 We have many technologies and tests available to us for checking if our bodies are functioning properly. See pages 190 and 191 in the text and the table below for an overview of some of those technologies. Technology Function Sphygmomanometer Stethoscope CAT Scan Machine 9 X-rays EKG EEG Endoscope Checking Blood Pressure Blood is pumped at high pressures in order for it to reach our hands and feet. When we test the pressure of our blood we get back two numbers, such as 120 over 80. The first number represents the pressure of the blood at the moment when the heart contracts, or pumps. This is the higher number and is known as systolic pressure. The second number represents the pressure of the blood at the moment before the heart contracts, when the pressure is at its lowest point. This is the lower number and is known as diastolic pressure. 10 How Does Exercise Affect Blood Pressure Problem: How does exercise affect blood pressure. Prediction: _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Observations Before any exercise… Pulse: _______________ Blood Pressure: _____________ (1st trial) Blood Pressure: _____________ (2nd trial) After five minutes of exercise… Pulse: _______________ Blood Pressure: _____________ (1st trial) Blood Pressure: _____________ (2nd trial) After five minutes of rest… Pulse: _______________ Blood Pressure: _____________ (1st trial) Blood Pressure: _____________ (2nd trial) Conclusion: 1. How did exercise affect your heart rate and blood pressure? _____________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What happened to your heart rate and blood pressure after resting for five minutes? __ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. How might blood pressure be an indication of how healthy someone is? ____________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11 Chapter 9 Key Terms Life Function -______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Specialized - _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Cellular Respiration - _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Photosynthesis - ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Glucose - _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Digestive System - __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Esophagus - _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Stomach - ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Small Intestine - ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Large Intestine - ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 12 Anus - ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Circulatory System - _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Heart - __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Artery - _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Capillary - ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Vein - ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ X-ray - __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Blood Pressure Cuff - ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Specialized - ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ EKG - ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ EEG - ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 13