Download eoc evolution shortened

• How much biodiversity
2.0 million species and increasing!
24 March 2009
Biodiversity.ppt
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• Species: organisms that are:
-similar in structure and
-can reproduce successfully
• Over time, we see the following happen to
species:
1. They change for the better  adapt
2. They change so much they become a different
species  speciation
3. They go extinct
Why is Earth a giant
LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM?
Earth – 4.5 billion years ago
• Any water?
• Any land?
• Any oxygen?
• JUST MOLTEN ROCK!
• When gas and rocky
debris CRASHED together
Earth – 3.9 billion years ago
3.5 billion yrs ago – 1st life forms!
• ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
2.5 billion yrs ago – 2nd living thing
• CYANOBACTERIA
• (blue-green “algae”)
millions* yrs ago (recently)
• PROTISTS
• Unicellular organisms
amoeba
algae
millions* yrs ago (recently)
• MULTICELLULAR tiny organisms
seaweed
lichens
millions* yrs ago (recently)
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PLANTS
ANIMALS (consumers)
FUNGI
DINOSAURS
US!
So now all this life…..how are we gunna
keep everything straight
What is Classification?
• Classification is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based on their
similarities
• Classification is also known as taxonomy
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify &
name organisms based upon structure
• Organisms are named Genus, species
– Binomial nomenclature
– Linnaeus
– Homo sapiens “humans”
copyright cmassengale
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• Did
• King
• Phillip
• Come
• Over
• For
• Good
• Sex!
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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3 Domains
• EUKARYA
• PROKARYA
• ARCHAEBACTERIA
4 Kingdoms (of Eukarya)
• ANIMAL
• PLANT
• FUNGI
• PROTIST
Classify HUMANS!!!!
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Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
CHARLES DARWIN – 1809-1882
• ENGLISH, naturalist
• Wrote The Origin of Species
• TRAVELED AROUND THE WORLD ON THE
BEAGLE SHIP
• FAMOUS for studying IN THE GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS
• OBSERVED MANY SPECIES AND FOSSILS
• Finches
• His term  NATURAL SELECTION
• Whoever has the best adaptations will
survive get to make babies
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The Galapagos Islands
• Finches on the islands resembled a mainland
finch
• More types of finches appeared on the islands
where the available food was different (seeds,
nuts, berries, insects…)
• Finches had different types of beaks adapted
to their type of food gathering
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Galapagos Fur Seals – almost hunted to
extinction bc of fur
Galapagos Penguin – 3rd smallest type
of penguin, lives in hot temperatures
Flightless
CORMORANT – no
natural predators,
you can walk right
up to it!
-great SWIMMERS
2 Theories of Evolution
Lamarck
Darwin
• Evolution is caused by whoever
• Evolution is caused by
HAS the best adaptations, gets
whoever TRIES their best to
to survive better so they just
survive will pass down
HAVE more babies!
these traits to their babies.
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
• Idea called Law of
Use and Disuse
• If a body part were
used, it got
stronger
• If body part NOT
used, it
deteriorated
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Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
• Inheritance Of Acquired Traits
– Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be
Passed To Offspring
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Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!
How do you form an ADAPTATION at
first?
• Favorable variations occur by
ACCIDENT, geography, or
• Could be just random changes in
DNA genes- MUTATION!
2 Types of Speciation
ALLOPATRIC
SYMPATRIC
• Become new species by
• Become new species by random
being separated by
genetic differences living in same
geography
place though
• Ex. Mountains or Water in
• Ex. Fish can become different in
between doesn’t allow the 2
the same pond due to genetic
species to reproduce with
mutations
each other
3 PATTERNS of Evolution
a) Convergent evolution
different species evolve similar traits.
EXAMPLE: fish, water reptiles, and
water mammals all evolved
streamlined bodies
b) Divergent evolution
= adaptive radiation
single ancestor splits into different
species to “fit” better in
environment
Ex.  Darwin’s finches split into
different species based on what
they eat
d) Coevolution
two species totally dependent on
each other they evolved together
(mutualism)
Ex.  Bumblebees need nectar and
flowers need pollination
Evolution in Anatomy
• 1. Homologous structures• Similar structures, different
functions
• Ex. Bat wing vs human arm, etc.
• 2. Analogous structures• similar functions, different structures
–Ex: bird and insect wings
• 3. Vestigial structures- structures that no
longer used for their original function
– Ex. – appendix, tonsils, coccyx, male
nipples, wisdom teeth…
• 4. Similar Embyros- some embryos of
different species are VERY close in
appearance
– Did we all come from the same ancestor?
Fossil Record
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M- mammals
R- reptiles
A-amphibians
F-fish
Cladogram- shows connection
between species
Bio Material you should review
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Scientific method (steps)
Acid and base (pH scale)
Macromolecules – made of carbon
Enzymes- what do they do, related to what
macromolecules, lock and key
• Cells- organelles and pro vs eukaryotic
• Homeostasis- diffusion and osmosis (high to
low) a lot to a little
• Equations of Cellular respiration and photosynthesis (reactants and
products)
• Mitosis and Meiosis- crossing over, pictures, and what type of cell
each happens in.
• DNA- structure, function, (replication, transcription, and
translation….where each happens and the base-pairing rules)
• Genetics- punnett squares/ geno vs phen/
hetero/homozygous….9:3:3:1
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GOOD LUCK TOMORROW and WEDNESDAY>>>>
TRY…….IT IS EASIER THAN YOU THINK………
REMEMBER, Eliminate at least two of the wrong answers
Writing----- your task, use info from text, look at the rubric