Download Name Date ______ Hour ______ Living Things Study Guide 1

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Living Things Study Guide
1. Define the term homeostasis. The maintenance of a stable environment (conditions)within
an organism even if the outside environment may change
a. How would a baseball player maintain a stable internal body temperature (homeostasis)
while playing a game during a very hot summer day? Sweat to cool down, drink water to
replace fluids lost when he gets thirsty, fan himself to speed up evaportion
b. What would your body signal you to do to maintain homeostasis if you were becoming
dehydrated? You would start to feel thirsty this would trigger you to take in fluids
c. What chemical might your body release if you became frightened and had to escape fast?
(pg 670) Your body will start to release adrenaline (epinephrine). This is a hormone (chemical
messenger) that increases your heartbeat & breathing rate. This prepares you to fight danger
or run from it
2. List the 5 levels of organization from simplest to most complex AND give 3 examples of
each in animals.
LEVEL of organization
Examples in Animals
1. cell
1. Blood cell, nerve cell, brain cell
2. tissue
2. Muscle tissue, nerve tissue, brain tissue
3. organ
3. Stomach, liver, eye, heart, skin
4. organ system
4. Circulatory system, Respiratory system,
Nervous, Muscular, Digestive System
5. organism
5. Cockroach, Jellyfish, chimpanzee
3. What is the cell cycle? The cell cycle is the name given to the stages the cell will pass
through in the life of the cell
4. Draw a pie graph of the cell cycle and label each
part of the cycle.
5. What happens to each new daughter cell at the end of cytokinesis? Each new daughter cell in turn
will go through the cell cycle
6. Where are chromosomes located? Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of Eukaryotic
cells only
7. Describe the roll ( function) of a chromosome? The chromosomes carry the genes (genetic
information or DNA). DNA is the hereditary material that controls all cell activities including
the making of new cells
8. Where are genes located? Genes are located on the chromosomes. There are many genes
located on each chromosome.
9. Explain the function of genes. The genetic instructions for each inherited trait is called a
gene. Each organism has two genes for each inherited trait. (alleles)
10. List 5 traits that genes passed onto the off spring in the “Baby Lab”. Face shape, chin size,
skin color, hair color, hair type, eye color, eye distance, eye shape, eye lash length, eye brow
thickness and color, mouth size and shape, dimples, nose size and shape.
11. What are 4 alleles for eye color? Black, dark brown, brown, violet, light blue, green, dark
blue, gray blue, brown with green tints
12. Explain the difference between a dominant, co-dominant and recessive trait.
A dominant trait is controlled by a gene that will mask or cover another gene. If present in the
genotype, it will be expressed in the phenotype. In a cross between an organism homozygous
for the dominant trait and another homozygous for the recessive trait, only the dominant
trait will be expressed in the first generation of offspring.
A recessive trait will be masked, or covered, by the dominant trait. The recessive trait will only
be expressed if the offspring is homozygous for the recessive gene.
In incomplete dominance, each allele (gene) is expressed. Neither gene for the trait is
dominant or recessive. So you have a third possible phenotype that can be expressed. It
appears to blend the dominant and recessive trait ( Red + White Flower= Pink)
(Curly + Straight Hair = Wavy Hair)
13. If a trait is dominant, would more organisms in the population always show that
trait? ___No__ Explain: Dominant only means it will cover the recessive, not that there
are more of the genes out there in a population. There could be very few dominant genes for
a trait, but if an organism gets that gene, it will cover the recessive trait. Huntington disease
is controlled by a dominant trait, but very few people have that trait (thank goodness)
14. Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction in terms of:
a. The number of parent/parents needed for each type of reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Asexual = one parent
Sexual = two parents
b. If the offspring has the identical chromosomes (DNA) as the parent’s or a mixture of the
or parents’ chromosomes (DNA).
Asexual
Sexual
Asexual = DNA identical to parent
Sexual = DNA mixture of parents (half of each)
15. List at least 4 types of Asexual reproduction and give examples of organisms for each.
Type of Asexual reproduction
Examples of organisms
1. Budding
1. Hydra, yeast cells
2. Binary fission
2. Bacteria, Paramecium
3. Fragmentation
3. Planaria
4. Regeneration
4. Starfish, certain lizards (tails)
5. Vegetative Reproduction
5. Plants
(grafting, runners, pieces of stem/leaves)
16. Animals and plants reproduce through the process of sexual reproduction. What is the
name of the male and female sex cells? Female sex cell = egg; Male sex cell = sperm
17. If a body cell of a multicellular organism contained 24 chromosomes how many
chromosomes would you find in the sperm cell? 12
In the egg cell? 12
18. Why do the number of chromosomes in mature sex cells need to be different then the
number of chromosomes in the body cells? Mature sex cells will unite in fertilization
forming a new organism. When this happens, they will share the chromosomes in each of
their nuclei. In order to have the correct number of chromosomes as the original organism,
the sex chromosomes must have half of the normal number. Otherwise, each generation of
offspring will double the chromosome number.
19. Explain the term fertilization. Fertilization refers to the uniting of the sperm and the egg.
20. Explain the difference between internal and external fertilization?
External fertilization = male fertilizes egg outside the females body, must take place in a
wet/moist environment
Internal fertilization = egg and sperm join inside the females body
21. Give examples of at least 3 organisms that have external fertilization.
All Amphibians, frogs, toads, newts, fish
22. Give examples of at least 3 organisms that have internal fertilization.
Mammals (kangaroo, echidna, humans, pigs, dogs, cats) Birds (chickens, robins, ducks)
and Reptiles (snakes, lizards, alligators, turtles)
23. Name the sexual reproductive parts of flowers.
a. Female : Pistil which is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary containing ovules.
b .Male: stamen which is made up of the anther and filament.
24. Describe how pollination takes place in a flower. Pollination happens when a pollen grain
from the same flower lands on the stigma of the same flower (self-pollination) or a pollen
grain from another flower of the same species lands on the stigma (cross-pollination)
25. Describe how fertilization takes place in a flower. Sperm is found in the pollen. After the
pollen lands on the stigma, a tube grows from the pollen grain. The tube grows through the
style to the ovule. The pollen releases the sperm which travels down the pollen tube to the
egg inside the ovule. Fertilization happens when the sperm unites with the egg.
26. Explain how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together for the process of
breathing. The respiratory does the physical process of bringing in oxygen and releasing
carbon dioxide from the body by inhaling and exhaling. Through the process of diffusion, the
circulatory system brings the oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs into blood of the circulatory
system. The circulatory system carries oxygen to each cell and removes carbon dioxide (by
diffusion). The blood of the circulatory system then carries the carbon dioxide to the lungs to
be exhaled.
27. How do the muscular and nervous system work together? The nervous system sends
directions to the muscles on how to move. Muscles protect/surround the nerves and spinal
cord.
28. Explain how the digestive and circulatory system work together. The digestive system
breaks down food molecules small enough to move into cells. The circulatory system carries
those nutrients to each and every cell of the body so cellular respiration can make energy. The
circulatory system also carries wastes to the kidneys to be eliminated.
29. What is the difference between chemical and physical digestion? Physical digestion is the
process of breaking food into smaller and smaller pieces by the process of chewing and
grinding. Chemical digestion is when the bonds of molecules are broken making simpler
molecules of nutrients such as simple sugars. Chemical digestion is completed by enzymes and
acids.
30. What type or types of digestion occur in the mouth? Give example(s).
Physical digestion = biting and chewing , chemical digestion = saliva
31. What type or types of digestion occur in the stomach? Give example(s) mechanical
digestion = squeezing and churning of food into smaller pieces by muscles of stomach
Chemical digestion = acids and enzymes in the stomach break down food into nutrients
32. Explain the difference between a non-infectious disease and an infectious disease.
A disease that can be passed from one living thing to another. These diseases are caused by
pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Non-infectious diseases disrupt normal body
functions but are not spread from one person to another; caused by genetic disorders or
harmful habits such as smoking or drinking alcohol
33. Name four or more types of non-infectious diseases: Four types of non-infectious diseases
are cancer, hemophilia, Parkinson’s disease, high-cholesterol, heart disease, arthritis,
allergies.
34. Name four examples of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases include: polio, chicken pox,
strep throat, measles, hepatitis, bubonic plague, black death, lyme disease, small pox,
influenza, AIDS
35. Viruses and Bacteria are two common causes of infectious diseases. Treatment is
different for these two common organisms. Explain how you would treat each.
Bacteria are treated with antibiotics.
Viruses are treated with antiviral medications/protected from getting the disease
through vaccinations. You cannot treat viruses with antibiotics.