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The Theory of Evolution – Mechanisms for Evolution Populations Genetics and Evolution _____________________ evolve, not ____________________ Natural selection acts on the ___________ of ________________ Gene pool All of the _________ in a pop Allelic frequency percentage of any _____________ allele in the _____ pool Calculating Allelic Frequency Same way a baseball player calculates batting average Add up all of the alleles/total # alleles; Fig. 15.11 Genetic Equilibrium ______________ of alleles remains the __________over generations Changes in Genetic Equilibrium Any factor that affects____________ in a gene pool can change ____________ frequencies = disruption in equilibrium = ________________ Mutations – can be ____________ or _____________ _______________________ Genetic drift The _______________ of allelic frequencies by ____________ events Can greatly affect _________ populations Only genes ________________ to pass on to offspring Found in humans that have become isolated Amish population in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Pop = 12,000 One of the original founders had the recessive allele for short arms and legs and extra fingers and toes. Fig. 15.12 Today 1 in 14, general pop of US 1 in 1000 Gene Flow _____________________ of individuals _________ and out of a populations Leave a pop = _________ of genes in gene pool Enter a pop = ________ genes in gene pool Natural Selection acts on Variations ____________ have variations Eye color, height, skin color Some variations ____________________ or _____________ an organism’s chance of ___________________ in an environment 3 types of natural selection that act on variation 1. Stabilizing Selection Favors _________________ individuals in a pop Ex: spider size Too big = predators can find easily; Too small = can’t get to food; Average = more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on genes 2. Directional selection Favors one of the _________________ variations of a trait Ex: woodpecker beak size Only those w/ long beaks can reach the bugs that live deep in the tree 3. Long beaks would be an advantage over short beaks or average size beaks Disruptive Selection a. Individuals w/ ___________ ___________ of a trait’s variation are selected. i. Ex: marine limpets 1. Color from white, to tan, to dark brown a. Live attached to rocks which are light and dark; Both the white and dark brown are camouflaged; Birds easily see tan The Evolution of Species Speciation Occurs when members of __________ populations no longer _____________ to produce fertile ___________ Creates new ____________ Geographic Isolation ____________ ____________ divides a population; Examples? Reproductive Isolation Occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring Genes are so different that fertilization or the production of a fertile offspring does not occur Mating times differ Polypoidy Individual or species contains a _______________ of the normal set of c’somes Caused by mistakes during cell _______________ May result in immediate reproductive isolation Speciation Rates Rate at which new species arise Gradualism _______________ change of adaptations; Ex: sea lilies Punctuated Equilibrium Occurs _____________, in rapid bursts Long periods of genetic __________________________ in between Patterns of Evolution Occur throughout the world Support evolution Divergent Evolution Where species become _____________________ from each other Based on needs of particular environment Adaptive Radiation, example An _________________ species evolves into an array of species to fit a number of _____________ habitats Ex: Darwin’s finches, honeycreepers Convergent Evolution __________________ related organisms evolve similar traits Share similar _________________________ ___________________ Ex: shark, penguin, dolphin Fish, bird, mammal Why do they look similar?