Download EOC Biology Prep Reporting Category 3 Biological Evolution and

EOC Biology Prep Reporting Category 3 ­ Biological Evolution and
Classification
Some questions (c) 2012 by Region 10 Educational Service Center.
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1 Which statement about evolution is
3 Brassica oleracea and Triticum aestivum
supported by the diagram?
have the same number of differences from
A This fossil record shows that many
the human. Does this mean that they
B
C
different kinds of unrelated animal
would be closely related to each other?
fossils can be found in rocks.
A No; but when the two organisms are
This fossil record shows that land
compared to each other, they have no
animals with four legs evolved before
differences which show them to be
any animals that lived in water.
closely related.
This fossil record shows that ancestors
B
No; organisms must be compared to
of modern day whales once lived on
each other and found to have few or no
land and had four limbs.
differences to be closely related.
D This fossil record shows that no
C
Yes; numbers of differences compared
intermediate fossils exist to show
to one organism also show the
whales with four legs once lived on
relationship of those organisms to each
land.
other.
D Yes; their difference to humans puts
them at the same distance in closeness
so they will be closely related to each
other.
2 Which of the following best describes the
importance of similar amino acid sequencing
of a protein in different organisms?
F
The sequence of amino acids in a
protein does not directly reflect the
DNA that encodes the protein.
G
The fewer differences in the amino acid
sequencing, the less closely the
4 What two main types of evidence to
support the evolution of whales are shown
in the diagram?
F
structures
organisms will be related. H
J
amino acid sequencing and vestigial
Fewer differences in the amino acid
G
vestigial structures and fossil record
sequencing of a protein show a greater
H
fossil record and homologous structures
evolutionary relatedness.
J
homologous structures and amino acid
The more differences in the amino acid
sequencing
sequencing, the fewer the mutations in
their DNA.
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5 According to the scientific names, Felis
8 The most specific group that an organism
catus and Felis silvestris belong to the
can belong to is its —
same — F
genus
A genus and species
G
species
B
family and species
H
family
C
genus and class
J
kingdom
D species and class
9 Scientists discover a new organism. The
6 Two organisms within the same family can
organism is an autotrophic multicellular
be organized into several related — organism. To which of these kingdoms
F
kingdoms
does this organism most likely belong?
G
phyla
A Archaebacteria
H
orders
B
Plantae
J
genera
C
Animalia
D Eubacteria
7 If an organism is reproductively isolated
and cannot produce fertile offspring with
others it is said to be a distinct —
A kingdom
B
class
C
genus
D species
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10
12
Sugar hackberry (Celtis laevigata, family
Ulmaceae) is most closely related
genetically to which of the following
organisms?
F
Southern magnolia (Magnolia
grandiflora, family Magnoliaceae)
G
Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia, family
Ulmaceae) H
American avocado (Persea
americana, family Lauraceae)
J
Mexican plum (Prunus mexicana, family Rosaceae)
Which of the following would distinguish
between these two organisms at the level
of kingdom? F
vertebrate
G
eukaryotic
H
green in color
J
makes its own food
13
If an organism has radial symmetry, a
single opening that functions as a mouth
and anus, and a life cycle that alternates
between sexual and asexual reproduction,
it is likely to be a(n) —
A nematode
11
Which of the following is present in all
chordates at some point in their
B
echinoderm
C
cnidarian
D arthropod
development?
A vertebral column
B
notochord
C
cranium
D brain
14
In molluscs, the structure responsible for
secreting calcium carbonate that creates
a shell is the —
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F
gill
G
skin
H
mantle
J
anus
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15
Which of the following are considered to
18
be a nonvascular plants? considered acoelomates?
A ferns
F
flatworms
B
bryophytes
G
roundworms
C
gymnosperms
H
echinoderms
J
molluscs
D angiosperms
16
Which of the following organisms would be
Which of the following organisms is a
19
Which of the following fungi would be part
coelomate with bilateral symmetry, a
of the phylum Basidiomycota? closed circulatory system, and true
A yeast
segmentation?
F
planarian
G
leech
H
sea urchin J
hookworm B
mushroom
C
water mold
D ringworm
20
Which of the following contains all of the
kingdoms that have eukaryotic organisms?
17
A sea anemone is an organism that has —
F
Archae and Bacteria
A bilateral symmetry
G
Animalia, Plantae and Bacteria
B
radial symmetry
H
Animalia, Plantae, and Protista
C
glide symmetry
J
Animalia, Protista, Plantae, and Fungi
D no symmetry
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21
Fungi play an important role in nature. 24
An organism that is multicellular, non­
Which of the following best describes this
vascular, and reproduces using spores
role? would be classified in which kingdom? A converting radiant energy to chemical
F
Plantae
energy
G
Animalia
breaking down tissue and releasing
H
Fungi
J
Protista
B
raw nutrients back into the
environment
C
controling the population of plants in
an environment
D fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere
25
Extremophiles such as thermophiles are
found in which kingdom?
A Archaebacteria
22
B
Eubacteria EXCEPT— C
Protists
F
mold
D plantae
G
algae
H
yeast
J
mushroom
All of the following are examples of fungi
26
Earthworms and leeches are classified as
—
23
F
Phylum Annelida
G
Phylum Arthropoda
method?
H
Phylum Cnidaria
A budding
J
Phylum Mollusca
Bakers yeast reproduces using what
B
binary fission
C
regeneration
D fertilization
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27
Organisms in the current kingdoms Archae
29
and Bacteria were once included in the
kingdom — A Protista
B
Monera
C
Animalia
D Fungi
28
A laboratory investigation included
The cell above most likely belongs to a/an
examining prepared slides of organisms
A heterotroph
that were rinsed from some forest floor
soil samples. Single­celled organisms with
B
autotroph
a nucleus and a cell wall were visible.
C
primary consumer
Through staining, it was revealed that the
D vertebrate
cell walls of these organisms were made
of chitin. These organisms probably
belong to the kingdom F
Animalia
G
Fungi
H
Plantae
characterized by
J
Protista
F
30
Members of the kingdom Fungi are
having segmented bodies with jointed
appendages
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G
cell walls of chitin
H
mostly unicellular organisms
J
autotrophy
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31
Scientists discover a new organism. The
34
organism is autotrophic, with membrane­
identify organisms they have seen on a
bound organelles. To which of these
field trip. One organism is green and,
kingdoms does this organism most likely
when examined with a hand lens, has
belong?
many tiny leaf­like structures and stalks
A Archaebacteria
with rounded tops. This organism most
B
Eubacteria
C
Animalia likely belongs to Kingdom —
D Protista
32
Students in a biology class are trying to
F
Animalia
G
Eubacteria
H
Plantae
J
Fungi
Members of the kingdom Plantae are
characterized by
F
having segmented bodies with jointed
35
has a flagellum and is photosynthetic
appendages
G
cell walls of cellulose
H
mostly unicellular organisms
J
heterotrophy
A unicellular, eukaryotic organism that
should be classified in Kingdom —
A Archaebacteria
B
Eubacteria
C
Fungi
D Protista
33
An organism is attached to the ocean
floor by a stem­like stalk. It has tube feet
through which it catches floating plankton
36
Scientists discover a new organism. It is
for food. This organism most likely belongs
eukaryotic and obtains energy by
to Kingdom — secreting digestive enzymes into decaying
A Animalia
organic matter and then absorbing the
B
Eubacteria
C
Plantae
D Protista Page 9
digested material. This organism should be
classified in Kingdom — F
Archaebacteria
G
Eubacteria H
Fungi
J
Protista
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37
Biologists have found a unicellular
organism and know that it is a
prokaryote. To successfully classify the
organism into the appropriate kingdom,
the biologists would have to determine —
A the temperature of its environment
B
the components of its cell wall
C
if it has a nuclear membrane
D if it can survive in the absence of
oxygen 38
A team of scientists collected a
unicellular, prokaryotic organism that lived
in a volcanic hot spring and had lipids in
its cell membrane that were not found in
any other group of organisms. The
scientists most likely classified the
organism into which of the following
kingdoms?
F
Archaebacteria
G
Eubacteria
H
Fungi
J
Protista
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39
Which of the four animals shown above is classified taxonomically as the least closely related to
the others?
A Bat
B
Deer
C
Dolphin
D Hawk
40
A student was classifying organisms into kingdoms. The student was trying to identify which
organism in a particular group belonged in the kingdom Protista. Protists are eukaryotic
organisms that lack tissue differentiation. Which of these organisms should the student classify
as the kingdom Protista?
F
A paramecium, a single celled organism with elaborate organelles that is free living and
moves through liquids by moving its cilia
G
A bread mold, which consists of tangled masses of cell filaments and reproduces sexually
H
A sponge, an aquatic, multicellular organism with a body that is shaped like a hollow cylinder
that can reproduce sexually or asexually
J
A hydra, an organism that exists only as a polyp, lives in fresh water, can live attached to
the ground or can travel by floating and can reproduce sexually or asexually
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41
42
Each labeled area of this diagram
represents organisms in a taxonomic level.
In this diagram, level A represents marine
mammals. The area of the diagram labeled
B most likely represents which of the
Which of the following sets of
following taxonomic levels?
characteristics would be best for starting
a dichotomous key to classify the
A Fish
B
Mammals
C
Invertebrates
organisms shown above?
F
a. animal
b. mammal
D Primates
G
a. vertebrate
b. invertebrate
H
a. microscopic in size
b. can be seen without a microscope
J
a. four legs
b. six legs
43
Which characteristic should be used to
classify the horse and cow in one group
and all the other organisms in another
group?
A Presence of hooves
B
Number of legs
C
Presence of vertebrae
D Number of eyes
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44
Each region of this diagram represents a
collection of organisms or members of a
taxonomic level. Region D represents flying
mammals. Region A represents birds. Which
of the following is most likely the
taxonomic level region C represents? F
Invertebrates
G
Birds
H
Mammals
J
Vertebrates
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45
Which of the leaves shown below is from a redbud tree? A
B
C
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D
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46
A student was using a dichotomous key to classify the organisms above. The first set of
characteristics is:
a. vertebrate
b. invertebrate
According to the first set of characteristics, which of these would be classified as a
vertebrate? F
spider
G
fly
H
frog
J
crab
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47
Which of the leaves shown below is from a pecan tree?
A
B
C
D
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48
Which of the leaves shown above is from a birch tree?
F
I
G
II
H
III
J
IV
49
How is this diagram useful to
taxonomists?
A It shows how groups, over time and
as the result of evolution, are related.
B
It leads to identification of an
unknown organism by using pairs of
descriptors.
C
It is used to classify organisms based
on overall similarity regardless of
derived traits.
D It stresses behavior and nutrition
modes when identifying organisms.
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50
Which diagram represents a system of
52
Which response does not support the
biological taxonomy showing evolutionary
need for the international science
relationships among groups of organisms?
community to have a standardized
F
taxonomic system?
F
Having a universal, Latin scientific
name helps the sharing of knowledge
across the world.
G
The need to consider genes and
embryos when classifying is
G
unnecessary and therefore eliminated.
H
Scientists find a common language
useful when researching living things.
J
Grouping organisms according to
structural similarities and differences;
as well as their evolutionary histories,
H
helps further future research.
53
J
The branch of science which deals with
classifying, identifying, and naming
organisms is ­­
A systematics
B
taxidermy
C
cladistics
D taxonomy
51
The study of evolutionary relatedness
54
Which animal cell organelle is capable of
among groups of organisms is ­­
reproducing independently within the cell?
A binomial nomenclature
F
mitochondrion
B
phylogenetics
G
chloroplasts
C
biometrics
H
vacuoles
J
Golgi bodies
D biodiversity
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55
Identify the organelle capable of reproducing independently within the cell.
A W
B
X
C
Y
D Z
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56
What theory is illustrated by this diagram?
F
Cell Theory
G
Miller­Urey Theory
H
Endosymbiotic Theory J
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
57
Over time, what will structure 5 most likely become?
A autotrophic eukaryote
B
heterotrophic eukaryote
C
autotrophic prokaryote
D heterotrophic prokaryote
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58
Identify structure 1.
F
eukaryotic cell
G
photosynthetic bacteria
H
prokaryotic cell
J
ancestral animal cell
59
What best explains the activity at stage 2 ?
A The larger cell is taking in food particles by phagocytosis.
B
An antigen is invading a healthy cell.
C
A heterotrophic prokaryote is engulfed by a prokaryotic cell.
D A small prokaryote diffuses through the membrane of a larger cell.
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60
Identify structures 6 and 7.
61
F
mitochondria, ribosome
G
bacteria, protist
H
golgi bodies, chloroplast
J
mitochondria, chloroplast
An organism exhibits a distinctive trait
62
Which statement does not accurately
during its natural life. The species can
describe genetic drift?
evolve if
F
A the number of genes in the organism's
reproductive cells increases
B
C
genetic variation in a population.
G
the environment changes, forcing the
organism's offspring to adapt
Genetic drift reduces the amount of
Genetic drift can result in fewer
opportunities for natural selection.
H
Genetic drift occurs when two
future generations remain in the same
different species have close
environment
interactions with each other.
D the organism's reproductive cells hold
the genetic code for the trait
J
Genetic drift refers to random changes
in gene frequencies in small
populations.
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63
Which evolutionary mechanism­­
independent of natural selection,
recombination, or mutation­­will most
likely result in rapid, random changes in
gene frequencies?
A gene flow
B
migration
C
genetic drift
D cloning
64
Recombination of genetic material often
results in new varieties of plants. When
can genetically altered traits be passed
on to future generations?
F
When modified DNA is present in germ
cells.
G
When genetically manipulated DNA is
in somatic cells.
H
When environmental conditions favor
the expression of new genes.
J
When a plant completes its entire life
cycle in one growing season.
65
Which process results in greater genetic
diversity in offspring?
A genetic linkage
B
recombination of DNA during meiosis
C
crossing­over during mitosis
D rearrangement of chromosomes in
germ cells
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66
The experiment shown in the diagram above was conducted by Francesco Redi in 1668
and helped prove that —
F
living organisms can be produced from rotting meat
G
spontaneous generation does not occur
H
microorganisms found in the air undergo biogenesis
J
microorganisms found in the air can reproduce in jars
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67
Survival of the fittest can best be
69
Which scenario would provide the best
described as­­
opportunity for speciation to occur?
A the process by which only the
A A farmer clears part of a meadow
B
strongest of a species will be able to
inhabited by field mice to build a
survive and reproduce. barn. Some mice continue to live in
the process in which organisms that
the meadow; others move to live in
are better adapted to their
the barn.
environment will have a better chance
C
B
A population of squirrels has several
of surviving and reproducing.
years of plentiful food in a pecan
the reason the strongest of the
orchard. Then a drought causes a
species will not be able to reproduce
very poor pecan crop and many
as often as others.
squirrels die.
C
D the reason weaker organisms in a
In order to save an endangered New
species will always be killed by
Zealand freshwater fish species,
predators.
several of the fish are removed to
start a new population in Queensland,
Australia.
D In order to revitalize the cheetah
population, adult cheetahs are rotated
68
Adaptive radiation can be characterized
into and out of a captive breeding
by­­ program in their African savanna
F
habitat.
multiple species being formed from a
single common ancestor
G
two different species evolve over time
in response to environmental changes
H
J
the extinction of several species at
70
According to Darwin's theory on natural
the same time
selection, the traits that survive and
the process by which a single species
continue in future generations are ­
evolves certain adaptations to survive
F
caused by response to stress
G
made by environmental change
H
already present in the population
J
introduced by immigrating species
in their environment
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71
Which of the following cases best
72
The Kaibab squirrel lives on the Kaibab
illustrates speciation from a common
Plateau, north of the Grand Canyon. ancestor?
Another very similar squirrel, the Abert
A Rabbits, which did not exist as native
squirrel, lives only south of the Colorado
Australian wildlife, were introduced
River, on the other side of the Grand
into the island continent, where they
Canyon. These two species share a
quickly established themselves, and
common ancestor that lived many years
now threaten to displace native
ago. marsupial species. B
A small colony of cliff­dwelling birds
that feeds on tree­bark beetles is
marooned on a flat terrain island with
only small plants and low bushes and
adapts to the meadow­shrub
environment.
C
A population of a large turkey­like bird
species takes up residence in an
isolated mountain meadow with no
predators and lush food supply. Over
many generations the birds lose the
In this case, speciation most likely
ability to fly.
occurred because the two species of
D A single species of snails colonize a
newly formed marshland formed by a
squirrels ­ F
utilize different resources
G
are geographically separated
snails are separated geographically
H
have different mating behaviors and are no longer able to breed and
J
have different­sized populations
retreating glacier. Over several
thousand years different groups of the
produce fertile offspring.
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73
Darwin’s theory of natural selection is often referred
75
Rabbits normally eat some grass as a food
to as survival of the fittest. Which statement most
source. In a habitat, a new species of
accurately reflects "fitness" according to Darwin’s
grass is introduced that out­competes
natural selection?
most of the original species of grass. The
A Fitness is the measure of an individual
new species of grass contains a chemical
B
organism's adaptability to various habitats in an
that is usually toxic and fatal to most
environment.
rabbits. Assuming that all rabbits in this
habitat will eat some of the new species
Fitness reflects the ability of an organism to run
of grass, how will the presence of the
faster and hide better, or to hunt and kill more
new grass most likely decrease the
efficiently. C
diversity of the rabbit population in this
Fitness refers to the relative health of each
habitat?
individual in the population so they could
A Only rabbits that eat less grass will
survive diseases.
survive.
D Fitness is an individual organism's reproductive
B
success in surviving and producing viable
Only rabbits that eat more grass will
survive.
offspring.
C
Only rabbits that can find old grass to
eat will survive.
D Only rabbits that are resistant to the
chemical will survive.
74
Crows living on the Northwest Pacific
shore of British Columbia, Canada; eat
whelks, large shellfish; by flying upwards
to a height of five meters and dropping
the snail­like mollusks on the rocks. The
76
Extinction of a species most often occurs
results of natural selection that this
because of ­
method of foraging for food best
F
competition
G
habitat change
H
predation
J
pathogens
illustrates is ­ F
an example of speculation
G
a behavorial adaptation
H
phylogenic evolution
J
a precursor to extinction
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77
Peter and Rosemary Grant conducted a
78
Which of the following is the best
25 year study of the medium ground finch
statement about natural selection?
on Daphne Major Island in the Galapagos.
F
Most populations of organisms evolve
They observed and recorded data that
to become more and more alike,
clearly showed there had been a shift in
eventually becoming genetic clones.
the average population beak depth
G
following severe droughts between 1976
a variation that gives them an
and 1978 and again in 1981­2. This
advantage to survive and reproduce.
example of the change in beak depth
H
demonstrates that ­ occur decreases and extinction
in a shift of an average population
results.
trait due to natural selection.
J
Evolution occurs so slowly that it is
A stable environment and less
variations in a population's gene pool
not possible to determine if it has
promotes evolution of a new species. happened in less than a million years.
C
If a population becomes isolated from
others, the possibility for mutations to
A Change in an environment can result
B
Some individuals in a population have
The environment in the Galapagos
Islands has always favored bigger and
biger beaks in the medium ground
finch.
D Change in an environment can result
in a shift of an average population
trait due to natural selection. The
abundance of seeds, during and just
79
Which of the following is most likely to
cause a decrease in a predator
population?
A Fewer prey
after the drought, favored finches
B
A reduction in competition
with smaller beaks.
C
More primary producers
D Predator populations never vary
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80
Two types of sedge plants grow in the region inhabited by the finches. One plant produces very
hard seeds, the other a soft seed. Which statement best explains the relationship between the
seed size and the bill width?
F
There is no relationship between the bill width size and the hardness or softness of the
seed.
G
The larger bill width would be best for opening the hard seeds and the smaller bill width
would be best for opening the soft seeds.
H
The smaller bill width would be best for opening the hard seeds and the larger bill width
would be best for opening the soft seeds.
J
The smaller bill width can only open the soft seeds but the larger bill can easily open either
the soft seeds or the hard seeds.
81
What environmental factor would most strongly affect the bill width in these finches? A availability of water
B
regional climate
C
type of seeds present
D variety of habitat
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82
A rabbit population exhibits variation in fur coat thickness in a temperate habitat. A gradual and
lasting cooling in the habitat's climate decreases the diversity of the rabbits' fur coat thickness.
Which of the following is the best reason for this decrease?
83
F
Only rabbits with a lighter fur coat will survive.
G
Only rabbits with a darker fur coat will survive.
H
Only rabbits with a thinner fur coat will survive.
J
Only rabbits with a thicker fur coat will survive.
Which of the following outcomes would you predict for a population of mosquitoes exposed to a
new pesticide.
A Over several generations, the mosquitoes would become resistant to the pesticide.
B
Over several generations, the mosquitoes would evolve into several new species.
C
Over several generations, the mosquitoes would all be killed and become extinct.
D Over several generations, the mosquitoes would be more susceptible to the pesticide.
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84
Antibiotic resistance occurs when an
85
When the use of penicillin began during
antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively
World War II, it saved thousands of
control or kill bacterial growth; in other
soldier's lives. Today treatment of many
words, the bacteria are "resistant" and
infections by penicillin, that were
continue to multiply in the presence of
successful in the past, are no longer
therapeutic levels of an antibiotic. Which
effective. What is the best explanation
statement best explains this natural
for this change? phenomenon in terms of Darwin’s theory
A Other species of bacteria that
of natural selection? penicillin does not affect mutated and
F
now cause these infections.
The antibiotics caused certain groups
of bacteria to suddenly start
B
antibiotics, bacteria began mutating
antibiotic before it could harm the
into resistant strains.
bacteria.
G
C
A variation for immunity to penicillin
When an antibiotic is used, bacteria
already existed and became
that have a natural variation for
predominant in surviving bacteria.
resistance to the antibiotic have a
D Since the need existed to survive the
greater chance of survival than those
penicillin effect, bacteria responded by
that are "susceptible."
H
In response to so many being killed by
producing enzymes that destroyed the
developing immunities. Although susceptible bacteria are
killed or inhibited by an antibiotic, any
offspring they produced before they
died will be resistant to the antibiotic,
as will their offspring. J
86
According to the theory of evolution by
The need to adapt or die caused some
natural selection, which of the following is
bacteria to become resistant to the
true?
antibiotic. This acquired resistance
was passed on to future bacteria
F
genetic traits that aid evolution are not passed
on to offspring
making them resistant.
G
variation does not exist between members of
the same species
H
populations will change over time to better it
their environment
J
no more offspring are born into a population
than can survive
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87
Two lakes are close to one another and sometimes
88
The diagram below shows changes that occurred in
connect when loods occur. Each lake has two
the appearance of an insect population over 20
species of ish that are very similar. One species
years.
has brown scales and the other species has orange
scales. One hypothesis for the origins of the ish
species is shown below.
This hypothesis shows that the ish in Lake 1 and
The changes in the appearance of this insect
Lake 2 —
population were MOST likely caused by —
A orginally lived in the same lake
F
genetic disease
B
come from different types of
G
enviromental change
ancestors
H
mutation
are descended from a common
J
overpopulation
C
ancestor
D developed due to geographic
separation
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89
A virus killed most of the blue­footed
91
ducks in Japan reducing the population
from 9000 to 900. In an effort to help
preserve the species, 50 blue­footed
ducks were trapped and used to start a
new population in England. Eventually
the two blue­footed duck populations
could no longer successfully interbreed. This event would best be described as ­
A Mutation
B
Speciation
C
Extinction
Two lakes are close to one another and
D Convergence
sometimes connect when floods occur.
Each lake has two species of fish that are
very similar. One species has brown
scales and the other species has orange
scales. Two hypotheses for the origins of
90
Which statement best shows the
the fish species with brown and orange
relationship of the concepts of evolution
scales are shown above. The main
and natural selection?
difference between the two hypotheses is
F
A Speciation occured
Evolution is an example of the major
mechanism by which natural selection
occurs.
G
Natural selection is an example of the
B
natural selection occurred
C
the population were geographically
isolated
major mechanism by which evolution
D the population developed different
occurs.
H
adaption
Natural selection occurs separately
and without any involvement with the
process of evolution.
J
Evolution occurs separately and
without any involvement with the
process of natural selection.
92
In cats, the bones in the legs involved in
walking are very similar to the bones of
whales' flippers that are involved in
swimming. These are examples of —
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F
Analogous structures
G
homologous structures
H
vestigial structures
J
endosymbiosis
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93
Which of the following are analogous
structure?
A wings of butterflies and bats
B
wings of flies and moths
C
forearms of dolphins and humans
D eyes of cats and dogs
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94
Which organism would be expected to
95
According to the diagram, the lemur is
have the least amino acid difference from
most closely related to the the ape? A ape
F
New World monkeys
B
new world monkeys
G
Old World monkeys
C
lorises
H
lemurs
D tarsiers
J
tarsiers
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96
99
A biologist is studying an environment
that contains many different types of
The animal at the bottom would represent
finches. What is one method that the
F
the oldest common ancestor
biologist could use to determine how
G
the most recent descendant
H
the modern evolution result
J
a totally unrelated primate
closely the different types of finches are
related?
A look at the color of their feathers
B
look for analogous structures
C
study the environment in which each
type of finch lives
D compare structural similarities
97
Which of the following organisms most
likely share the most recent common
ancestor?
A Shark and coral
B
Rabbit and grass
C
Hawk and mouse
100
Which of the following best describes an
index fossil?
F
D Mushroom and horse fossils of organisms that are localized
to one area.
G
fossils of organisms that can be used
to identify and define geologic time
periods.
98
H
Four species with a homologous section
fossils of organisms that existed for
many geologic time periods.
of DNA have the following nucleotide
J
sequences:
fossils of organisms that are related
to the current species of study.
Species 1
ATGTAGC
Species 2
ATCTGAC
Species 3
AGGTACC
Species 4
AGGCGGC
101
A scientist is looking for fossil evidence
According to these sequences, which two
to support his research. In which soil
species are the most closely related?
type would he most likely find fossil
F
Species 1 and 2
G
Species 1 and 3
H
Species 2 and 3
J
Species 2 and 4
evidence?
A sedimentary rock
B
igneous rock
C
metamorphic rock
D topsoil
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102
Which of the following would most likely
104
The fossils found in the rock layer I are
require a radioactive isotope with an
not found in any other layers. What is
extremely long half­life to date?
the most probable reason that these
F
fossils from the Jurassic period
fossils are not found in the upper rock
G
Cenzoic era soil layers
H
Precambrian soil layers
J
recently deposited soil layers
layers?
F
Organisms living today show no
relationship to organisms living
billions of years ago.
G
Fossils of early organisms are much
more complex than those of later
organisms.
103
H
The cecum is a long tubular pouch
All life forms evolved so much that
no later day organisms resemble
extending from the intestines where the
earlier fossils.
small intestine joins the large intestine.
J
It is used to assist in the digestion of
As Earth’s environment changed over
tough fibrous plant material. The cecum
the millennia, many organisms
is present in mammals, birds, and some
became extinct.
reptiles. Herbivores have a larger
lengthier cecum than humans and
exclusive carnivores have a smaller
cecum or none at all. In humans the
cecum is greatly reduced, the appendix
105
The fossils found in layer V resemble the
being a remnant branch of the cecum.
fossils found in layer III. This similarity
The possibility that the appendix might
suggests that
have once been useful to human
A The organisms in layer III became
ancestors gives support to the
A concept of spontaneous generation
B
modern theory of evolution
C
concept of fossil formation
D theory of genetic equilibrium
extinct then re­evolved in layer V.
B
The fossils in layer V were formed
before the fossils in layer III.
C
Modern forms of life may have
evolved from earlier forms of life.
D The fossils in layer III must be more
complex than those in layer V.
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106
Which statement best describes a
107
relationship between the representative
organisms found in the rock layers?
F
All of these organisms probably
evolved at the same time.
G
The organisms in layer I are probably
more primitive than those in layers II
and III.
H
The organisms in layer II are
probably more advanced than those
in layers IV and V.
J
The organisms in layer V probably
the ancestors of the organisms in
layers III and IV.
The embryos of several types of animals
look very similar and develop in almost the
same manner, especially in the early
stages. What do these physical similarities
indicate?
A The organisms have analogous
structures.
B
The organisms have similar
adaptations.
C
The organisms have not evolved much.
D The organisms have a common
ancestor.
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108
Which of these factors should be
111
Which of the following most likely shows
compared to best determine how closely
that two different organisms have a
species are related to each other?
relatively recent common ancestor?
F
number of genes
A They are the same size.
G
sequence of amino acids
B
H
location of chromosomes
J
physical similarities in body
They have similar amino acid
sequences.
C
They live in the same type of
ecosystem.
structures
D They reproduce during the same time
of year.
109
The position and shape of the bones in
the forelimbs of four present day
vertebrates were studied. Two of the
112
Some kinds of snakes have vestigial
organisms seemed to be the more
pelvic bones that have similar
closely related to each other than to
characteristics to the pelvic bones of
the other vertebrates. This relationship
turtles. This observation provides
was most likely based on evidence using
evidence that —
the field of
F
A comparative anatomy
B
DNA sequences
C
biochemistry
D fossil record
turtles are more well­developed than
snakes
G
turtles and snakes share a common
ancestor
H
snakes evolved from turtles
J
snakes evolved more rapidly than
turtles
110
The fact that all organisms use DNA for
their genetic material is evidence that all
organisms —
F
have been genetically engineered
G
evolve at the same rate
H
share a common ancestor
J
undergo sexual reproduction
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113
The diagrams above show the forelimbs
of four different organisms. A
comparison of these organisms' forelimbs
indicates that these organisms evolved
— A from a common ancestor in the past
B
from different adaptations for similar
functions
C
in similar ways over time
D unique characteristics in different
environments
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