Download UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

Proposal for funding for the preparation of a
National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)
Country Name:
Republic of Rwanda
Project Title:
Enabling activities to facilitate the preparation of a
National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPAs) for Rwanda
GEF Implementing Agency:
UNEP
GEF operational focal point:
Mr. BISHANGARA Cyprien
Climate change focal point:
Mr. DUSABEYEZU Sébastien
National lead agency:
Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Natural
Resources
Country eligibility:
(i)
LDC country
(ii)
Date of UNFCCC ratification: 18th August 1998
GEF financing:
US$ 195,000
Estimated total budget:
US$ 195,000
Estimated starting date:
May 2004
Duration:
15 months
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Introduction
1. Rwanda is a landlocked country located in Central Africa. Rwanda has the highest population density
in Africa. Its population following the census held in august 2002 is 8,162,715 with an average
annual growth rate of 1,2 % and is predominantly rural. Its total surface area is 26,338 km 2, 1390
km2 of which is covered with water. It is of mountainous relief, mostly grassy uplands and hills, with
its highest volcanic mountain “Karisimbi” reaching 4507 m. The most pressing environmental
problems facing the country are deforestation resulting from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel;
overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching and scattered housing, etc.
Climate and geography
2. Located just south of the equator, Rwanda enjoys a tropical climate with two rainy seasons, which
have become increasingly unreliable and the country is vulnerable to periodic droughts.
3. The north-west provinces are at a higher altitude than those in the south and therefore are cooler at
night and more appropriate for tea and coffee plantations. The north-eastern province of Umutara is
the least developed, and, until 1994 was mostly made up of the Akagera National Park. The Park has
been reduced to provide settlements for Rwandan refugees returning from neighbouring countries
since 1994, many of whom have substantial herds of cattle.
4. Climate related disasters include frequent drought, floods and landslides. The east and southeast are
the most affected by frequent droughts while the west experiences mostly floods and landslides. The
1997-98 El Nino and 1999-2000 La Nina affected precipitation levels and causing floods and
landslides during the El Nino and droughts during the La Nina period.
Economy
5. Approximately 90% of the population is dependent on primarily subsistence agriculture and
represents 45% of Gross Domestic Product. Tea and Coffee, the main cash crops, contribute less than
2% to GDP but generate over 80% of export earnings. Industry and Services sectors represent 20%
and 35% of GDP, respectively. It has few natural resources and minimal industry. Exports are largely
based on coffee and tea with some hides and tin ore. Earnings from exports have been hindered
recently by low beverage prices, reducing hard currency earnings recently.
6. With respect to macroeconomic performance, key accomplishments in 2002 include: real GDP
growth of 9.4%; an annual inflation rate of 2%; and continued improvement of tax collection beyond
expectations. Prospects are a decline in real GDP growth rate to 3.2%, well below the period average
and a rise in inflation to 4.7% in 2003 due to poor rains. The challenges in this area include reaching
at least real GDP growth of 7-8% necessary over the next 15 years for sustainable poverty reduction,
improving the trade balance through exports growth and financing of the poor.
7. Despite its fertile lands, food production does not keep pace with rapid population growth, requiring
food to be imported. The country has attempted to diversify into non-traditional agriculture exports
such as flowers and vegetables but has proven challenging due to poor transportation infrastructure.
8. Rwanda was approved for IMF-World bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt
relief in late 2000. Excerpts related to environment from Rwanda’s Poverty Reduction Strategy paper
(PRSP) are covered below in the section on Poverty.
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Land, land-use and land-use change
9. Land and population settlement pressures are high. Approximately 42.43% of the land is used for
agriculture and there is no more currently uncultivated land available for exploitation. Agricultural
products include coffee, tea, pyrethrum, bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes and livestock.
Agricultural production has grown in the last few years and is being helped increasingly by the use of
fertilizers. During 2002, for instance, in the sector of rural transformation and agricultural
development, the government liberalized the fertilizer market, encouraged fertilizer imports, and
promoted growth of priority crops. However, production per head has decreased and a major
challenge for the government however has been to ensure that food production keeps up with
population growth. In 2004, the government will move to privatise the Mulindi and Pfunda tea
estates, encouraging further private involvement in the sector. The development of an export crop
strategy, the operationalisation of the labour intensive public works programme to recapitalise the
rural economy and the need for strengthened human capacity are key challenges in the sector.
10. The UN Food and Agricultural Organization estimates that 9% of total land in Rwanda is forested.
Nearly the entire population uses charcoal for cooking, resulting in massive deforestation and forested
areas are shrinking owing to land pressure and the consumption of wood fuel.
11. Fishing: The fishing potential of Lake Kivu and Lake Ihema, and that of fish farming, have not yet been
fully exploited and has growth potential.
Poverty
12. Recent tensions have severely weakened Rwanda’s fragile economic base and severely impoverished
the population, particularly women. Sixty percent of the population living below the poverty line due
to low agricultural productivity, lack of natural resources and limited employment opportunities in the
formal sector, and population movements. Though the country has made substantial progress in
rehabilitating the economy, poverty levels have increased. The government has made poverty
reduction and economic growth the cornerstone of its economic policy.
13. Public expenditures have increased since 2000, largely because of the implementation of the poverty
reduction strategy paper (PRSP). The PRSP’s monitoring and evaluation framework for poverty
alleviation revolves around Input and output monitoring, performance and Impact monitoring and
partnership in monitoring. A key achievement in this area is the monitoring of recurrent budget
execution through the SIBET system and the piloting of a joint outputs monitoring system. However,
there are a number of challenges such as to cover execution of the development budget, the weakness
in reporting on outputs achievements with relation to inputs utilisation. Another key challenge will be
the development of an inclusive poverty monitoring and analysis strategy and framework with sector
indicators accepted by all stakeholders. The 2001 PRSP has identified priority areas of rural
recapitalisation, human resource development, infrastructure development, the promotion of the
private sector, building state capacity, and improving governance.
Energy
13. The energy sector in Rwanda is mainly composed by three types: biomass, petrol products, and
electricity. More than 94% of energy consumed comes from wood, peat and charcoal; but it has a deficit
which is equal 3.106 m3/an. Electricity counts for 1% from which 57 % is imported and petrol makes up
the remainder, almost 5% which is 100% imported. The biomass and the petrol products are used by
households (98 %) and transport (70 %). Only some unities in the industrial sector use hydrocarbons as
a source of energy from which 25 % is imported. National hydropower generation capacity lies at almost
30 MW. Because Rwanda is showing an energy deficit for hydropower energy, it is dependant on
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imports that are currently higher than contracted, and have peaked at 44 MW in 2003. Driven by
Rwanda’s strong, energy-intensive GDP growth, imports of petrol and diesel fuel have risen in recent
years. Furthermore, the country has considerable resources in new and renewable energy which are not
yet exploited, such as peat, papyrus, methane gas, solar energy and geothermic.
Transport and Infrastructure
14. The country experiences high transportation costs as most transportation takes place by road and Rwanda
has no railways. Rwanda has fairly good roads compared to neighbouring countries and they are being
further improved. The majority of main and secondary roads are unpaved and vulnerable to damage by
rainfall. Being a land-locked country makes transportation by water minimal.
Health
15. The life expectancy in Rwanda is 49 years. Rwanda’s healthcare infrastructure has been largely
rebuilt in recent years and there are, on average, about two health centres per district. Access to
healthcare infrastructure, at 87%, is one of the highest in the region and the Ministry of Health
received 5% of total government spending in 2001. State expenditures on health are low at 0.5% of
GDP and donors pay for 60% of total expenditures. Less than one-half the population has access to
safe drinking water. Investments in water infrastructure were 6.6 % of the development budget in
2003 either 4.3B on 65,11B.
16. The detection rate for malaria dropped from 13,115 cases per 100,000 in 2001 to 11,076 cases per
100,000 in 2002. The immunization rate for childhood diseases was 80%. In the HIV/AIDS area,
there was a drop in the price of anti-retrovirals to a minimum of RwF 30,000 per month in 2002.
HIV/AIDS education efforts have boosted awareness of the disease to 70% of the population.
Challenges remain in that malaria continues to have a high prevalence rate; HIV/AIDS has now
reached a prevalence of 13.5% in the population; and there remains a shortage of health agents and
limited financial access to healthcare services by the poor, especially in rural areas. As youth below
age 25 constitute more than half the population, efforts to address challenges in education and health
will have a widespread positive impact on the economy.
Water Resources
17. Water resource Rwanda possesses abundant sources of water though it is not economically feasible to
draw from much of it. Water levels in the Rift Valley and in some rivers as Nyabarongo have been
dropping in recent years and several marshes have been drained for agriculture. These changes may
modify current river regimes. Rwanda’s water sources have also experienced an invasion of water
hyacinth (eichornia crassipes).
Institutional Context
18. The Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Natural Resources have, as an objective,
demonstrating the relationship between environmental degradation and reduced agricultural
production and increased poverty. The Ministry seeks to influence policy and decision makers to
reduce pressure on natural resources by proposing strategies which increase agricultural productivity
while protecting the environment in order to achieve sustainable development. The Ministry
develops and implements policies and laws related to land, Forests, water, environmental protection,
environmental assessments, the provision of advice to project developers and monitoring of the state
of the environment.
19. The Ministry’s main activities are:
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The elaboration, the coordination and monitoring of the implementation of policies,
strategies, and programmes regarding lands, water, natural resources, forests and
environmental protection;
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The elaboration of laws and instructions, and supervision of management programmes
for lands, water, natural resources, forests and environmental protection;
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The preparation of strategies and action plans to sensitise the private sector, the NGOs,
and people living in Rwanda to invest in activities ensuring a rational management of
lands, water, natural resources, forests and environmental protection
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To promote research in mineral resources of Rwanda, know its quality and quantity and design
appropriate mechanism for its extraction and valorisation;
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The elaboration and monitoring of potable water supply and sanitation plans of action;
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The coordination of all activities and needs for protection of lands, water, forests and natural
resources;
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The capacity building of local institutions on programmes related to the protection of lands,
water, forests and natural resources.
20. Responsibility and role in the UNFCCC
In accordance with Article 4, paragraph1 and article 12 of the Convention on Climate Change, the
Government of Rwanda is fully committed to the implementation of the UNFCCC, and hence the
goals and objectives of this project. Rwanda, as a least developed country, deserves special
considerations under Article 4, paragraph 8 and 9 of the Convention, including necessary actions
related to funding, insurance and the transfer of technology, to meet its specific needs and concerns
arising from the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impact of the implementation of
response measures. The project will also ensure that Rwanda will have the scientific, technical and
institutional capacities in the implementation of the UNFCCC on a sustainable basis. Indeed, the
whole project management structure, based on the existing National Committee on Climate Change
(NCCC) and National Study Team, is designed in such a way that full participation by local experts in
all aspects of activities are ensured, so that further activities in the future are sustainable.
21. Related institutions including civil society, public, private, research and education organizations
The Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Natural Resources will collaborate with the
following institutions in the execution of the project:
Public sector: Department of Meteorology, Department of Environment, Department of Forestry,
Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy, Department of Industry, Department of poverty
reduction, Department of Community Development, Department of Science and Technology,
National Bureau of Standards, National Energy/Water/Gas Company (ELECTROGAZ), and Office
Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux (ORTPN);
Research Institutions: Université Nationale du Rwanda (UNR), Institut Agronomique du
Rwanda (ISAR), Institut pour la Recherche Scientifique et la Technologie(IRST), Kigali
Institute for Science and Technology (KIST);
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Private Sector: Fédération Rwandaise du Secteur Privé (FRSP), some manufucturers and
industries ;
NGOs: Various NGOs operating in the field of environment, such as ARECO, INGABO,
CARE international, COFORWA, RWARRI, ACAPE, etc.
The following Table 1 shows the proposed institutional structure relevant to the preparation of the NAPA.
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Objectives, and linkages to ongoing activities
22. The objectives of NAPAs are:
-
To serve as simplified and direct channels of communication for information relating to the urgent
and immediate needs for adaptation in Rwanda
-
To facilitate capacity building for the preparation of national communications, and addressing urgent
and immediate adaptation needs.
23. Linkages to ongoing activities: Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), Rwanda has begun the preparation of its first national communication. It has also
prepared a National Action Plan (NAP) under the UN Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD) and a National Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) under the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD).
Status of past and ongoing climate change activities
24. Rwanda has signed and ratified the following international environmental conventions:
-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
The Montreal Protocol for CFC Control
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
Rwanda has signed but not ratified the Convention on the Law of the Sea
Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation
25. Table 2 below describes Rwanda’s vulnerabilities to climate change and adaptation assessments for a
number of different sectors. The major risks related to climate in Rwanda are frequent droughts and
periodical floods accompanied by landslides.
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Table 2: Summary of Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment in Rwanda
Sector
Agriculture
& Livestock
Vulnerabilities
Adaptation
Frequent droughts: food shortage, loss of pasture,  Introduction of drought resistant
diseases of plants
species
High precipitations & storms: soil erosion, flood of
swamps and pasture, landslides, diseases of plants
 Anti-erosion measures
Water resources
Frequent droughts:
 Decreasing levels in and discharges from rivers,
lakes and reservoirs;
 Loss of aquatic ecosystems and death of aquatic
animals.
 Drying of rivers, lakes and springs
Periodic floods:
 Siltation, sedimentation and pollution of rivers,
lakes & reservoirs
 Destruction of infrastructure
 Human losses
 Invasion of water hyacinth.
Energy
Drought: disappearance of animal & forestry
species, plants diseases
 Improved watershed management
and drainage systems
 Built river wall for overflow
 Idem
 Control the multiplication of water
hyacinth
 Weirs or valley dams for water
storage during wet seasons in term
of flood regulation
 Improved watershed management
 Application of anti-erosion
measures
 Introduction of drought resistant
species
High precipitations & storms: flood of swamps and
pasture, landslides, diseases of plants, loss of
ecosystems
 Irrigation channels, water storage
during wet season
 Anti-erosion measures
Drought: low productivity, pauperisation/
impoverishment, migration of population,
malnutrition, diseases
 Prevention of catastrophes
 Storage of products during the
harvesting season
High precipitations & storms: human &
infrastructures victims
 Prevention of catastrophes
 Strengthen the meteorological
office to be able to give the shortterm & long-term weather forecast
and inform the public
 Strengthen human capacity
Drought : Production loss of hydro-electricity
because of low discharges of rivers into reservoir
High precipitations & storms: Production loss of
hydro-electricity if reservoirs silt up
Ecosystems
Socio-Economy
 Weirs or valley dams for water
storage during wet seasons in term
of flood regulation
 Irrigation channels
 Idem, and rain water storage
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Desertification Control
26. Rwanda completed its second report on the implementation of the UN Convention to Combat
Desertification in July 2002. Furthermore, the formulation of the NAP is still underway due to the delay
in the funding allocation from the global mechanism of the UNCCD. The report noted here expanded on
the natural and human induced challenges in the areas of agriculture, forestry, energy and water
resources. The NAP also outlines that Rwanda is affected by several climate related events. Droughts,
floods and landslides are very frequent in Rwanda as noted above in the section on climate.
27. The strategies to combat desertification are based on cooperation with and engagement of rural
populations, and public, private and international awareness and will. Rwanda created a multistakeholder National Coordination Committee (NCC) in 1999. The group’s role is primarily to define
policy directions, strategies and priorities related to combating desertification; to pilot and coordinate all
activities related to desertification; to identify through consultations programmes and projects which
mitigate desertification and to approve the action plans for their implementation. The NAPA
consultations and project development will be done in coordination with the activities of the NCC.
28. The major challenges in the agriculture sector are overexploitation of the land, poor management of rainfed water sources and water basins which accentuates soil erosion. Population pressures are putting
pressure on arable lands, forcing agriculture into more marginal areas. Rwanda’s forests are also under
great pressure for fuel wood, for agriculture and pastureland, and insufficient institutional capacity exists
to ensure proper forest management. Water resources are abundant but are difficult to withdraw in a way
which is economical. Water levels in certain lakes and rivers have been dropping and are likely to have
an impact on the water cycle. Contributing to this is also the drainage of several wetlands for agriculture
and an invasion of water hyacinth (eichornia crassipes).
29. Rwanda is examining the use of different cereal and animal varieties which place less stress on land and
water resources. Traditional conservation techniques and practices have also been inventoried and new
modern conservation techniques have been introduced to improve land and water use. The Ministry of
agriculture, animal husbandry and forests have also developed and have been successfully implementing
strategies to better manage forested areas including reforestation and strengthened institutional capacity.
In depth environmental and socio-economic assessments are also being advocated in project and policy
development.
Biodiversity Action Plan
30. Rwanda completed a detailed National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity
in Rwanda in April 2003. The report covers the state of biodiversity in Rwanda; the successes and
shortcomings in the policies, laws and institutions related to biodiversity; the major threats on
biodiversity; and objectives and related strategies for the conservation of biodiversity and
biotechnology. An implementation plan has also been outlined.
31. The report highlights the particular vulnerability of mountainous regions to erosion by wind and rain
and the resulting biodiversity loss. Similarly, mountain ecosystems are often more sensitive to
changes in temperature and precipitation and thus more vulnerable to climate change. Coupled with
deforestation, mountainous regions are likely to be particularly vulnerable to increased erosion,
landslides and resulting losses in biodiversity and soil quality and productivity. The plan also
identifies floods, drought and desertification, the proliferation of competitive species, diseases and
pests, population pressure and poor institutional frameworks are also cited as natural pressures on
biological diversity.
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32. The Plan also reports that human threats are the greatest and include population pressure, population
resettlement, overexploitation of biological resources, uncontrolled introduction of exotic species,
poaching and pirating, bush fires and conflicts and civil wars.
Poverty Reduction
33. Rwanda completed its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper in June 2002. Through extensive
consultation, the strategy identifies six broad areas for priority action, listed in the order of priority:
-
Rural development and agricultural transformation
Human development
Economic infrastructure
Governance
Private sector development
Institutional capacity building
34. The three major environmental problems in Rwanda relate to water, soil and biomass. These
problems are intimately linked with actions in the water, energy and agricultural sectors. Hence
environment is a cross-cutting issue and an environmental perspective needs to be taken in
each case. The primary objective of environmental policy in Rwanda will be to ensure that
economic development is sustainable and does not destroy the natural resources on which it
depends through full marshland drainage or inappropriate use of agro-chemicals. The
organisational structure of environmental regulation and policymaking is under review.
35. It is important to appreciate that apart from regulation, most of the positive interventions to
support environmental protection are taken within other sectors. In particular, infrastructure
such as terracing, reforestation and water management within marshes will be undertaken as
part of the agricultural strategy. The clarification of property rights to be achieved by land
policy will also be essential to ensure that people have an incentive to invest in their land. For
both these reasons, it is envisaged that the Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forests, Water, and
Natural Resources (MINITERE) should play an important role in the formulation of agricultural
policy. The process of reforestation will also be supported by actions in the energy sector,
encouraging more efficient use of fuel wood and substitution into other fuels. This offers an
important opportunity to address vulnerability as well as a reduction in greenhouse gases from
deforestation and energy efficiency. The management of water supply will be supported by
MINITERE as well as actions to encourage water harvesting in the settlement and housing
sector.
Project Activities and Outputs
36. The project will involve the following key activities outlined below, and which are based on the
“GEF operational guidelines for expedited funding for the preparation of national adaptation
programmes of action by LDCs”.
Activity 1: Establishment, composition and mandate of the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated
Assessment Network and identification of a lead agency
37. The main objective of this activity is to establish a multi-disciplinary network and institutional
structure charged with preparing the NAPA. A NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment
Network will be established by the executing agency, in consultation with other relevant ministries
and governmental departments, as well as the private sector, including NGOs. A Project Co-ordinator
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of the ongoing enabling activities for the preparation of the initial national communication related to
the UNFCCC, assisted by the National Focal Point of the UNFCCC, will be appointed to co-ordinate
the NAPA preparation process. Additionally, the support personal of the project above mentioned
such as administrative assistants will be appointed to facilitate the coordination of the NAPA project.
38. The NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network (Réseau Intégré Multidisciplinaire
d'Évaluation -RIME) will be set-up based on the National Climate Committee “NCC” that is
preparing the National Communication. The National Climate Committee has members representing
all key stakeholders and the committee will be further strengthened to deal with the specific needs of
NAPA. The RIME will have representatives from key sectors as well as from Rwanda’s major ecosystems. Key sectors that will be represented in the country network include agriculture, health,
water, tourism, transport, environment and energy. In addition, an expert representative from each of
the major eco-systems of Rwanda will be included in the national network. Gender equality will also
be considered in forming the NAPA country network. The participation of women is essential for
several reasons. Adverse effects of climate change disproportionately affect women, who are often
marginalized in national projects. In addition, women are often knowledgeable in vital local and
traditional issues that could be vital in identification of appropriate coping measures. Some of the key
organisations that will be represented on the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network
include:
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Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forests, Water and Natural Resources (MINITERE)
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MINAGRI)
Ministry of Health (MINISANTE)
Ministry of Infrastructures (MININFRA)
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN)
Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Investment Promotion and Cooperative (MINICOM)
Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF)
Ministry of Local Government, Community Development and Social Affairs (MINALOC)
Ministry of Education, Science,
Universities ( UNR, KIST, KIE, …) Technology and Research (MINEDUC)
Ministry of Information in the Prime Minister’s Office
Office in charge of Tourism (ORTPN)
Fédération Rwandaise du Secteur Privé (FRSP)
NGOs (ARECO, CARE International, COFORWA, etc.)
39. The Directorate of Environment will be the selected lead agency appointing the project co-ordinator, the
actual climate change enabling activity coordinator, and sectoral and eco-system experts. The
Directorate of Environment is earlier hosting the Phase I of the climate change enabling activity and
Phase II technology needs assessment. The RIME will hold quarterly meetings to monitor the progress
of the project, while the project co-ordinator and an assistant will be responsible for the day-to-day
running of the project.
40. It is estimated that a total of 8 to 10 sectoral and eco-system experts will be required, including
economists. These experts will be individuals with extensive experience in the sectors/eco-systems, and
a good understanding of trends in the sector/eco-system. In addition, the experts should have some
understanding of climate change issues in the country. The experts will undertake assessments of
vulnerabilities to climate change in their respective sectors/eco-systems, and propose possible
adaptation measures, priorities and associated criteria. They will prepare expert papers based on their
assessments, which will be presented at the sectoral and eco-system workshops.
41. In addition to the sectoral and eco-system experts, economists will be recruited as part of both expert
teams. The economists will take a lead role in the cost-benefit analysis of adaptation measures. The
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sectoral and eco-system expert teams will be designated as shown in the following table. By drawing on
the wide range of disciplines, the resulting NAPA will be more integrated and crosscutting.
42. The project co-ordinator in collaboration with the UNFCCC National Focal Point will be responsible
for compiling the various reports into a single comprehensive NAPA report.
43. A NAPA Team (Equipe PANA - Programmes Nationaux d’action pour l’Adaptation aux changements
climatiques) composed of representatives of the following institutions will provide advice and oversight
to RIME and approve the NAPA sectoral reports:
-
Office of the Prime Minister
Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Natural Resources
Ministry of the Finance and Economic Planning
Members of the Parliamentary sub-committee on environment and natural resources as well as the
budgetary process
A representative of the civil society
A representative of the academic community
44. To ensure that the NAPA Team maintains an independent oversight function no members of the NAPA
Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network will be part of the NAPA Team, with the exception
of the Project Co-ordinator. The NAPA Team will meet at least 3 times within the duration of the
project.
45. Based on the skills and capacity available in the country (as demonstrated by the progress of the
preparation of the initial country communication), it is recommended that the duration of the project be
15 months. This will provide sufficient time for building the requisite skills and capacity needed for the
preparation of the NAPA.
Outputs for Activity 1
The key output of this activity will be the establishment of the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated
Assessment Network and a NAPA Team. This activity will be undertaken over a period of three months.
Activity 2: Literature Review of previous or ongoing studies on vulnerability and adaptation to
climate change
46. The aim of this activity will be to review all previous and on-going studies on climate change
undertaken to ensure that there is no duplication, and that the NAPA preparation builds on existing data
and information. Special emphasis will be placed on filling the gaps identified from the previous V&A
assessment in the UNFCCC National Communication. The NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated
Assessment Network will identify additional gaps and areas that could be studied.
47. The sectoral experts will gather existing international, regional and country-specific information on
vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in their respective sectors. The eco-system experts will
also gather relevant national, regional and international reports providing useful background
information, data and case studies on Rwanda’s major eco-systems. The information will be in the form
of published and un-published reports, articles, electronic media (CD-ROMs), conference papers, and
draft reports. The material will be grouped under each of the sectors, and both the eco-system and
sectoral experts will synthesise the material gathered for their respective sectors and eco-systems. Each
expert will prepare a report on vulnerability and adaptation, which will include an annotated
bibliography on all the materials and publications reviewed. Some of the adaptation measures which
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could be considered, for example, under the agriculture and water sectors are listed in the following
paragraphs:
Agriculture
48. The nature and processes of human adaptation to long-range climate change are poorly understood.
The NAPA project will especially explore how Rwanda can cope with current climate variability
through the use of seasonal climate forecasting. If farmers can adapt to current year-to-year variability
through the use of advance information on the future season’s climate and institutional systems are in
place to respond to short-term changes (such as early warning systems), communities will be in a
position to adapt to longer-term climate changes. This then has to be related to better soil and water
conservation practices, more tolerant crop varieties, improved pest and weed control, and more use of
irrigation to adapt to changes in the weather.
49. Adaptation measures that can be considered include installation of better storage facilities; drought
resistant crops, effective pest and disease control programmes, and generally improved agronomic
practices. Other coping options that may be appropriate for Rwanda include improved irrigation
efficiency; crop diversification, improvement in agricultural extension services and, research and
development on new drought-resistant crops.
Water
50. In the water sector, impacts of climate change are likely to be water scarcity and flooding (missing)
Adaptation measures include water supply and demand management; improved watershed management,
water conservation and increased storage of water. The proposed NAPA will review recommended
adaptation measures and suggest priority options for near-term implementation.
51. Regarding water resources, impacts of climate change are essentially the decrease in water levels of
and discharges from rivers, lakes and groundwater. Adaptation measures should be the construction
of the weirs or valley dams for water storage during wet seasons for flood regulation and improved
watershed management.
52. Recognising scarcity of data and information on vulnerability and adaptation for each ecosystem and
region, the RIME will utilise more general reports on each of the country’s major eco-systems that
provide information and data that is relevant to vulnerability and adaptation issues. The key documents
to be reviewed will include:
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Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment, included in the initial national communication under the
UNFCCC Report
Biodiversity and Desertification Studies
Reports from organisations that distribute food and medical aid to communities (e.g. CARE
International) during emergencies
Relevant national, eco-system and sectoral environmental reports.
Information from regional networks
53. The Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network (RIME) will engage the services of a
documentation expert, to compile the various documents into an accessible, easy to use documentation
resource pack, which will be available in the public domain. The documentation resource pack will be
housed in the Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection and national library.
Outputs for Activity 2
14
54. The main output for this activity will be a Draft Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) Review Report, to
be compiled by the RIME based on reports prepared by each sectoral team; and, a public domain
documentation resource pack on climate change, vulnerability and adaptation. The documentation
resource pack will comprise of:
-
Key reports on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change
Relevant Eco-system and Sectoral Meeting Reports
Contact list for vulnerability and adaptation in Rwanda, including detailed names and contact addresses
of all agencies represented in the NAPA network.
Activity 3: Participatory assessment of vulnerability to climate change, adaptation measures
55. The project co-ordinator in consultation with the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment
Network (RIME) will organise an initial national level workshop, where a wide range of stakeholders
will discuss the draft Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) review report. The aim of the workshop
will be to solicit the views of stakeholders within and outside the RIME on the vulnerability of
Rwanda to current climate variability and extreme weather events and on the initial set of key
adaptation measures that have already taken place or been identified or considered. The workshop
will also assess the adaptive capacity of Rwanda to various climate change vulnerabilities. Similar
elements will be investigated for all sectors.
56. The national consultation workshop will solicit the views of stakeholders nationally and will be an
avenue for finding out the following:
-
Major areas of vulnerability to climate change,
Adaptation measures both past and current practices, and
Criteria for prioritising the identified adaptation measures.
57. The following organizations will be involved in this participatory assessment:
Public sector: Department of Meteorology, Department of Environment, Department of Forestry,
Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy, Department of Industry, Department of poverty
reduction, Department of Community Development, Department of Science and Technology,
National Bureau of Standards, National Energy/Water/Gas Company (ELECTROGAZ), Office
Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux (ORTPN);
Research Institutions: Université Nationale du Rwanda (UNR), Institut Agronomique du
Rwanda (ISAR), Institut pour la Recherche Scientifique et la Technologie(IRST), Kigali
Institute for Science and Technology (KIST);
Private Sector: Fédération Rwandaise du Secteur Privé (FRSP), some manufucturers and
industrial groups,
NGOs: Various NGOs operating in the field of environment, such as ARECO, INGABO,
CARE international, COFORWA, RWARRI, ACAPE, etc.
Outputs for Activity 3
58. The national consultation workshop will result in a more detailed inventory of areas of vulnerability
to climate change in Rwanda, and key adaptation and coping measures (categorised by sector and
eco-system).
15
Activity 4: Formulation of country driven criteria for selecting priority activities to address adverse
effect of climate change
59. The project team will draft criteria for prioritization based on draft V&A assessment, national
development plan and other relevant documents.
60. The criteria for prioritizing the proposed adaptation measures could include:
-
Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change
Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity
Synergy with other multi-lateral environmental agreements
Cost-effectiveness
61. The draft will then be discussed by sectoral and ecosystem experts as well as policy makers and
NGOs through a workshop and advance distribution of the document to all concerned stakeholders.
The workshop and review will on the proposed criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures will
invite suggestions for all criteria, whether included in the initial draft or not, that might be considered
appropriate by various stakeholders.
Outputs for Activity 4:
62. An initial set of criteria for prioritization of adaptation measures for Rwanda.
Activity 5: Prioritisation of adaptation measures
63. Based on the prioritisation criteria developed at the national consultation workshop, the various
adaptation measures will be prioritised. The Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network
(RIME) will organise seminars involving experts, policy makers, NGOs, private sector and field
specialists various regions.
64. The Project co-ordinator and assistant will compile the priority listings from the sectoral and eco-system
seminars and develop a national level priority listing.
Outputs for Activity 5
65. The key outputs for activity 4 will be an updated priority list of adaptation measures for each sector
and ecosystem.
Activity 6: Validation forums
66. These validation forums organised at sectoral and ecosystem levels will assess the validity of
proposed priority adaptation measures. Each of these seminars will consult the stakeholders at district
level to assess whether the identified priority adaptation measures are indeed appropriate from their
perspective.
67. The Project co-ordinator will compile the updated priority list of adaptation measures from these
validation forums and update the national level priority list.
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Outputs for Activity 6
68. The key outputs for activity 6 will be a national level priority listing of urgently needed adaptation
measures with the requisite criteria.
Activity 7: Drafting proposals for implementation of priority adaptation activities
69. This objective of this activity will be to prepare programmes of action for priority adaptation
activities. The RIME in conjunction with the NAPA project coordinator will develop proposals based
on the priority activities identified following Activity 6. The proposals will describe how the
adaptation measures will be implemented and highlight the requirements for implementing the
measures. The proposals will also include a cost-benefit analysis for each of the adaptation measures,
to be prepared by economists associated to the RIME.
70. The NAPA project co-ordinator will co-ordinate the drafting and compilation of the proposals with
the day-to-day coordination responsibilities delegated to the various sectoral teams within RIME.
Outputs for Activity 7
71. Once all the sections of the proposals have been drafted and compiled, they will constitute the first Draft
National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) report.
Activity 8: Public and Government Review of the draft NAPA and Dissemination
72. A public review will be undertaken to ensure that the opinions and views of the wider public are
incorporated in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) report. Table 3 below
represents the processes and tasks to be undertaken which includes public and government review.
73. First, to ensure effectiveness in the public-review two non-governmental organisations (TBD) that
have extensive experience in dealing with the grass-roots will be utilised to spearhead this exercise.
Secondly, a media consultant will be contracted to take lead in the publicizing of the NAPA. Thirdly,
the draft NAPA will be summarized into brief 5-page summaries, and translated into Kinyarwanda
and English which are widely used in Rwanda, before being distributed to the public for review.
Fourth, the draft NAPA will be distributed to various interest groups (e.g. NGOs, environmental
organisations, universities, etc.) in both urban and rural areas. In addition, the draft NAPA will be
provided to Kinyarwanda and English newspapers to ensure wider public readership. Press
conferences involving representatives of the main TV station and national radio station will be
organised. Finally, a public hearing will be organised to solicit the views of the general public.
Comments from the public review of the draft NAPA will be compiled, and incorporated into the
NAPA.
Outputs for Activity 8
74. The output for this activity will be an updated NAPA (in both summarized and extended formats),
which will have incorporated the comments received during the public review by the project team and
the RIME.
17
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Activity 9: Review of NAPA by Government ministries, Inter-ministerial Committee, endorsement
by the GEF focal point and dissemination
75. The updated NAPA will be distributed to key Government ministries, inter-ministerial committee for
final review. Comments received from the review by the Government will be used to finalise the
NAPA.
76. The final NAPA will then be forwarded to the GEF focal point for endorsement.
77. The final NAPA report (in both summarized and extended formats) will be published and printed, and
also translated to Kinyarwanda and English. The published versions will be disseminated to a wide
range of stakeholders and the public. Brief summaries of the reports will be reproduced in the major
Kinyarwanda, and French newspapers and discussed in the mass media (TV station and radio station).
Outputs for Activity 9
78. The two key outputs from this activity will be (i) the final NAPA (in both summarized and extended
formats), (ii) the endorsement letter from the GEF focal point in Rwanda and (iii) publishing the key
outputs of NAPA reports in Kinyarwanda and English for widespread national dissemination.
Institutional Arrangements for oversight and coordination
79. The Lead Agency will be the UNFCCC Focal Point, which is the Ministry of Lands, Environment,
Forestry, Water and Natural Resources. The Lead Agency will have overall responsibility for the
project. They will oversee the constitution of the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment
Network (RIME). The RIME will have representatives at both the sectoral and eco-system levels.
This will allow for participation of all stakeholders.
80. The NAPA Team will act as an independent oversight body, and will approve the major decisions of
the project. The Committee will periodically review the outputs of the RIME as well as proceedings
of the national workshop and the sectoral and eco-system workshops. It is expected to meet at least
three times in a year.
81. UNEP as the implementing agency will provide technical backup and advisory support to both the
executing agency and the RIME. In addition, the project coordinator could also request for technical
assistance from the LDC expert group (LEG).
82. The institutional structure envisaged for the project is provided in Table 1. Table 4 below shows the
expected timetable for the workplan.
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Table 4: Timetable
Activity/Month
1. Establishing, composition & mandate of the
NAPA Team and RIME
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2. Literature review of past and ongoing studies
on vulnerability to climate change and adaptation
measures
- Sectoral and Eco-system Studies
- PRA
3. National consultation workshop on major areas
of vulnerability, adaptation measures and criteria
for prioritizing adaptation measures
4. Prioritization of proposed adaptation measures
5. Validation forums
6. Drafting of proposals for implementation of
priority adaptation activities
7. Public review of the draft NAPA
8. Review of updated NAPA by stakeholders
9. Finalizing and dissemination of the NAPA
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Table 5: Budget (US$)
Activity
Assessment and prioritisation
1. Synthesis of available information on adverse
effects of climate change and coping strategies
Stocktaking Process:
Product:
Assessments, Assessment
consultations, reports,
workshops, strategy &
etc.
action plan
7,500
2. Participatory assessment of vulnerability to current
climate variability and extreme weather events, and
associated risks
 Identification of past and current
practices for adaptation to climate change and
climate variability
 Identification of key climate change
adaptation measures
Total
7,500
5,000 20,000
6,000
10,000 16,000
13,500
15,000 36,000
24,000
13,000 37,000
 Identification of criteria for selecting
priority activities
(Assessment and prioritisation) Total
Development of proposals for priority activities
1) National /sub-national consultative process for
short listing potential activities
7,500
 Selection and identification of priority
activities
21
2) Prepare profiles of priority activities in the
prescribed format
-
15,000 15,000
Total
Preparation, review and finalisation of the NAPA
24,000
28,000 52,000
1) Public review
10,000
8,000 18,000
2) Final review by government and civil society
representatives
-
-
3) Printing, publishing and translation of the final
NAPA document
5,000
4) Dissemination
2,000 Total
10,000 15,000
2,000
17,000
18,000 35,000
5,000
10,000 15,000
Total
5,000
45,000
10,000 15,000
5,000 50,000
7,000 7,000
Total
45,000
104,500
12,000 57,000
83,000 195,000
Technical Assistance
1) Assistance requested from LDC expert group or
other technical assistance
Project Co-ordination and Management
Monitoring and Evaluation
GRAND TOTAL
-
7,500
22