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Mountain Language F.A.Q. 1. Noun: a person, place, thing, or concept/idea Concrete Noun: A tangible noun. (Can see, smell, touch, hear, or taste) Examples: flower, rain, person, desk, dog Abstract Noun: An intangible noun. (cannot see, smell, touch, hear, or taste) Examples: envy, joy, love, happiness Collective Noun: A noun that is a collection of people or things that is regarded as a single unit. Examples: team, herd, group, population Compound Noun: A noun made of two or more words. Examples: southwest, flowerpot, basketball 2. Possessive Form: A noun or pronoun that shows ownership (usually ending in ‘s or s’) Example: the school of Jorge = Jorge’s school 3. Verb: A word that expresses action or state of being (existence) Active Verb: A verb in which the subject performs an action. (The performer) Example: John planted a bed of flowers. (John(s) is planting (v)) Passive Verb: A verb in which the subject receives the action. Example: A bed of flowers was planted by John. (flowers(s) were planted(v)) *the word by is a clue the verb is usually passive 4. Verb: A word that expresses action or state of being (existence) Choose verbs in the correct tense and that are in correct form Example: brought instead of brang or bringed 5. Complete sentence: A complete sentence contains a complete subject and predicate. Vary sentence structure. Use simple, compound, complex, or compoundcomplex sentences. 6. Subject:: The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing something or being something. Verb: A word that expresses action or state of being (existence) Example: Sandra and Tom went to the store. (Sandra and Tom=S went=verb) 7. Adjective: A word that modifies (describes) a noun. Example: John drives a red car. (adjective = red) 8. Adverb: A word that modifies (describes) a verb, adjective, or other adverb) Example: Susie quickly ran to the store. (adverb = quickly) *adverbs almost always end in -ly 9. Appropriate word: Check that the word is in correct form, that it is a real word, and that it is in the correct tense. 10. Verb: A word that expresses action or state of being (existence) Past Tenses: -the simple past ("I went") -the past progressive ("I was going") -the past perfect ("I had gone") -the past perfect progressive ("I had been going") Present Tenses: -the simple present ("I go") -the present progressive ("I am going") -the present perfect ("I have gone") -the present perfect progressive ("I have been going") *Note that the present perfect and present perfect progressive are a present not past tenses -- that idea is that the speaker is currently in the state of having gone or having been going. Future Tenses: -the simple future ("I will go") -the future progressive ("I will be going") -the future perfect ("I will have gone") -the future perfect progressive ("I will have been going") 11. Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun. Examples: he, she, him, it, they, us, I, our, we, me, him, her, them 12. Demonstrative Pronoun: points out a specific person, place, or thing. -this, that, these, those Interrogative Pronoun: used to begin a question -who, whom, whose, what, which Intensive Pronoun: re-emphasizes a noun/pronoun to avoid repetition. -myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves Personal Pronoun: Refers to the first, second, or third persons -First: I, me, my, mine, we, us, ours, our -Second: you, your, yours -Third: he, she, him, her, his, her, it, its, they, their, theirs, them Relative Pronoun: relates one part of the sentence to the rest of the sentence -whose, who, whom, which, that, whomever, whoever, (what, when, where) Indefinite Pronoun: refers to a noun that is not specifically named -all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, most, much, nobody, none, nothing, other, several, some, somebody, someone, something 13. Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun. Examples: he, she, him, it, they, us, I, our, we, me, him, her, them 14. Appositive: is a noun or pronoun that identifies or explains the noun or pronoun it follows. Use commas to set apart the appositive. The appositive is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Example: Peter’s school, Cope Middle School, is having a fundraiser. 15. Prefix: an affix attached to the beginning of a word (reapply) Suffix: an affix added to the end of a word (fearless) Root: a word part carrying the main meaning; affixes are added to change meaning Example: circumnavigate circum = prefix, gate = suffix, navi = root 16. Declarative Sentence: a sentence that makes a statement Example: I have not eaten since noon. Imperative Sentence: a sentence that makes a command or order Example: Give me some food. Interrogative Sentence: a sentence that asks a question Example: Will you cook me a meal? Exclamatory Sentence: a sentence that shows strong emotion Example: I am starving! 20. Simple Sentence: A sentence that has a single subject and a single predicate. Example: The boys played basketball. Compound Sentence: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses joined with a comma and conjunction or a semicolon. Examples: The girls played baseball, and they beat the other team. The girls played baseball; they beat the other team. Complex Sentence: A sentence that contains one or more subordinate (dependent) clause and one independent clauses. Examples: We laughed when he made a joke. Before school started, we bought donuts. Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence that contains one or more subordinate (dependent) clause and two or more independent clauses. Examples: John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat. Those clouds promise rain; we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood. Notes: 17. Predicate Noun: a NOUN or noun phrase in the predicate of the sentence that describes or identifies the subject Example: He became a mathematician. Predicate Pronoun: a PRONOUN in the predicate that describes or identifies the subject Example: The winner is she. Predicate Adjective: an ADJECTIVE in the predicate that follows a linking verb and describes the subject Example: The car is red. Direct Object: a word or phrase receiving the action of the verb; answers the question what? Example: Jacob will mail the letter. Indirect Object: to whom or for whom the action is being performed Example: Sing me a song. 18. Preposition: a word placed typically before a noun that shows the relationship between the noun and another word or phrase in the sentence. Prepositional Phrase: A phrase that consists of a preposition and its object (noun or pronoun) Examples: in the house, by him, off the table 19. Editing: Proofread and write the sentence correctly. Make corrections to capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.