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Chapter 15 and 16 Review Question • What did Darwin observe when he visited the Galapagos Islands? Answer • He observed similar species on each island who had traits suited to their particular environments. Question • What was the structural adaptation of the finches that Darwin observed? Answer • They had different shaped beaks. Question • What did Darwin wonder after seeing the finches and the tortoises on the Galapagos Islands? Answer • He wondered if they had originated from the same ancestral species. Question • After Darwin observed the different species and their locations, he came up with what theory? Answer • The theory of evolution. Question • What did James Hutton and Charles Lyell conclude? Answer • The earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred. Question • Lamarck hypothesized that new organs in a species occur as the result of………? Answer • Use or nonuse of body structures Question • Who wrote “On the Origin of Species”, and when was it published? Answer • Darwin-1859 Question • Why do some individuals of a species tend to survive better than others? Answer • Survival of the fittestthey have variations that are best suited to the environment. Question Explain the theory of evolution. Answer • It states that species change over time. Question • Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on what two things? Answer • Natural selection and heritable variation Question • What is a gene pool? Answer • All of the genes of a particular population. Question • The sum frequency of all alleles for a trait is equal to what percentage? Answer • 100% Question • What are two sources of gene variations? Answer • Gene shuffling • mutations Question • A single-gene trait that has two alleles will have how many phenotypes? Answer • 2 Question • What is a polygenic trait? Answer • It is a trait that has many genotypes and phenotypes. Question • What is genetic equilibrium? Answer • It is where the allele frequencies of a population remain constant. Question • What is geographic isolation? Answer • It is where populations are separated by barriers like rivers, and mountains. Question • What is an example of behavioral isolations? Answer • Two bird species that will not mate because of different songs to attract mates. Question • What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? Answer • Natural selection occurs randomly or naturally in the environment. • Artificial selection occurs when humans select the variations. Question • What is fitness? Answer • The ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Question • What is descent with modification? Answer • It states that species today look a lot different than their ancestors. Question • What is temporal isolation? Answer • It is where two or more species reproduce at different times. Question • What type of population would most likely remain in genetic equilibrium? Answer • A population where there are identical organisms because no individual would have a significant advantage in survival or reproduction. Question • What is the Hardy-Weinburg principle? Answer • Allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change. Question • Under what 5 conditions does the Hardy-Weinberg principle hold? Answer • • • • • Random mating The population is very large No movement into or out of the population No mutations No natural selection