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Unit 1 Topic Guide Topic Healthy diet Metabolic rate Pathogens Growing bacteria White blood cells Vaccines Semmelweis Antibiotics Key Content What do we need from our diets? What happens if we consume too much or too little energy? What is metabolic rate? What factors can affect metabolic rate? What is a pathogen? How do different pathogens make us ill? Key Words Nutrients, energy, gain/lose mass, obesity Chemical reactions, inherited, muscle:fat ration, age, sex Disease, microorganism, bacteria, virus, fungus, toxin, damage cells How can we safely grow bacteria Heat, sterile, petri in a lab? dish, seal, 25oC, Why do we grow bacteria in a lab? What three methods can be Antitoxins, antibodies, used by WBCs to destroy engulf and digest, pathogens? shape, rapid, large Why does it take a long time to quantities produce the correct antibody to kill a pathogen? What is a memory cell? What does a vaccine contain? Dead, weaken How do vaccines make us pathogens, immune to a disease? antibodies, white What does the MMR vaccine blood cells, memory protect against? cells What is the controversy surrounding the MMR vaccine? How did Semmelweis make Transfer of bacteria, giving birth in hospitals safer? washing How is this knowledge used today? This is usually a data question – make sure you can describe and explain data and graphs! What do antibiotics and Inside cells, kill painkillers do? bacteria, natural Why don’t antibiotics kill selection, mutation, viruses? survive, competition, What is antibiotic resistance? reproduce, pass on Nervous system Reflexes Hormones Menstrual cycle Controlling fertility Plant hormones Drugs How does antibiotic resistance develop? What does the nervous system do? What is a conscious response? What type of cells make up the nervous system? What is the CNS? What different types of receptors do we have and where do we find them? What is a reflex? Why do we have reflex? What pathway does an impulse follow in a reflex? What is a hormone? How are they carried around the body? What are the differences between the hormonal system and nervous system? What is the menstrual cycle? What happens in the menstrual cycle? What hormones control the menstrual cycle? Where are these hormones produced? How can we use hormones to control fertility? What is IVF? What is a growth response in a plant called? What group of hormones controls this? How do these hormones make the plant grow in a certain direction? What is a drug? How can drugs be categorised? What does addicted mean? Why are some drugs illegal? Why are some drugs prescribed? gene Detect, respond, stimuli, brain, spinal cord, chemical, light, temperature, pressure, pain, sound, eyes, ears, tongue, skin, nose Unconscious, automatic, protective, receptor, sensory, relay, motor, effector Chemical messenger, blood, duration, speed Fertility, mature egg, shed lining, thicken lining, fertilise, ovulation, FSH, LH, oestrogen, pituitary, ovary, inhibit Contraception, fertility, harvest eggs, sperm, implant, fertilise, embryo Tropism, auxin, shoot, root, stimulate, reduce, growth, shaded, lower Substance alters chemical reactions in the body, legal/illegal, classes, withdrawal symptoms, severe Testing drugs Competition and adaptation Abiotic factors and species distribution Energy and food chains Biomass Decay Why do drugs need to be tested? What is a placebo? What is a double blind trial? What is thalidomide? What happened due to thalidomide not being tested properly? What are statins used for? What do plants compete for? What do animals compete for? What is an adaptation? How can animals adapt to the cold? How can animals adapt to high temperatures? How can plants adapt to dry conditions? What is an extremophile? What is an abiotic factor? What controls where an animal can live? What can happen to an animal if its habitat changes? What is an indicator species? What does a food chain show? What is a producer? How do producers obtain energy? What is a consumer? What do the arrows in a food chain show? What is a food web? What is biomass? What does a pyramid of biomass show? What are they always wider at the bottom? How is energy lost from a food chain? What does decay mean? What types of organism carry out decay? Efficacy, dosage, side effects, interactions with other drugs, exact copy without the active ingredient, sleeping tablet, morning sickness, limb development, cholesterol Non-living, temp, water availability, light intensity, soil type, extinct, change habitats, adapt, pollution level Energy movement through an ecosystem, doesn’t get energy from eating, photosynthesis, feeding, energy Mass of living material, trophic level, energy loss, movement, respiration, maintaining temperature, excretion, not all eaten Dead, waste, break down, nutrients, bacteria, fungi, Carbon cycle Genetics – the basics What conditions are required for decay to happen? How can decay be prevented? Why is decay important? What is the carbon cycle? Which processes remove carbon dioxide from the air? Which processes return carbon dioxide to the air? How does carbon move from ne living organism to another? Why are fossil fuels formed? How is the carbon released from fossil fuels? What is a nucleus? What is a chromosome? What is a gene? What is a gamete? What is a mutation? Variation What is variation? What control variation? Sexual and asexual reproduction What is sexual reproduction? Why does sexual reproduction produce varied offspring? What is asexual reproduction? Why are the offspring produced by asexual reproduction called clones? What is taking a cutting? How is tissue culture carried out? Cloning plants Cloning animals Genetic engineering How can embryos be cloned? What is a surrogate? What is adult cell cloning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning? What is genetic modification? How is it carried out? Why is it carried out? What species have been made by genetic engineering? warmth, oxygen, water, freeze, dry, sugar, salt, recycle nutrients Recycling carbon, respiration, photosynthesis, feeding, burning, decay Where genetic material is stored, string of genes, control a characteristic, sex cell, change Differences between organisms, genes, environment, both Two parents, gametes, fertilisation, random, different gametes, chromosomes, one parent, genetically identical Small pieces, soil, differentiation, ball of cells, petri dish, soil, aseptic Embryo split ball of cells, implant, genetically identical, nucleus, egg cell, body cell, shock Gene, enzyme, DNA, characteristics, insect resistant, disease resistant, safety, yield, vitamins, What are the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering? Evolution What is evolution? What is natural selection? How does natural selection happen? How was Lamarck’s theory different from Darwin’s? Why was Darwin’s theory slow to be accepted? Classification What is classification? How are organisms classified? How can you tell how closely related to organisms are by looking at an evolutionary tree? Change over time, variation, mutation, survive ,reproduce, pass on genes, genes become more common, changes during life, evidence, church, inheritance Grouping, similar, branches, close togetehr