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The Human Body: Digestive System Digestive System carries out digestion which is the process of breaking down food in the body into a form which can be absorbed and used or excreted Mouth point of entry for food into the digestive system; first site of the reduction of food size; adds the first bodily fluids to the bolus; composed of the teeth and tongue Saliva functions to moisten food, making it easier to chew, and begins chemical digestion through hydrolysis Hydrolysis decomposes food by placing water molecules between chemical bonds Amylase enzyme in saliva which catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules S T U D E N T V O C A B U L A R Y H A N D O U T Lysozyme enzyme in saliva which breaks down the polysaccharide walls of many kinds of bacteria thus providing protection against infection Teeth break down larger particles of food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion Incisors used for cutting food Canines used for cutting and tearing food Premolars used for grinding food Molars used for grinding food Accompanies: The Human Body: Digestive System 1 The Human Body: Digestive System Tongue muscle organ used to maneuver food within the mouth by collecting food and moving it to the back of the mouth when swallowing Pharynx connects the mouth and esophagus; contains a flap of connective tissue which closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or aspiration Epiglottis protective flap which closes over the trachea when food is swallowed Esophagus muscular tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach; moves food from the pharynx to the stomach by a process called peristalsis Peristalsis waves of involuntary muscle contractions moving food through a tube-shaped organ S T U D E N T V O C A B U L A R Y H A N D O U T Stomach J-shaped hollow muscular organ which stores food which has been eaten, breaks down food into a liquid mixture through mechanical digestion, and empties the liquid into the small intestine Chyme mixture of gastric juices and food Cardia (Gastroesophageal Region) entrance into the stomach Fundus blind portion of the stomach Body location of the gastric pits and secretory cells Pylorus area around the pyloric sphincter leading into the small intestine Accompanies: The Human Body: Digestive System 2 The Human Body: Digestive System Mucosa innermost layer of the stomach which consists of epithelium and a thin layer of smooth muscle Submucosa layer of the stomach made of fibrous connective tissue and the Meissner’s plexus Muscularis externa layer of the stomach which consists of three layers of smooth muscle Serosa outermost layer of the stomach made up of layers of connective tissue Mucus lubricates and protects the stomach from harsh acidic conditions Hydrochloric Acid functions to make food in the stomach acidic and activates pepsin S T U D E N T V O C A B U L A R Y H A N D O U T Pepsin works with hydrochloric acid to break down proteins Pancreas produces hormones which regulate blood sugars; creates enzymes which aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the small intestines; aids in the neutralizing the acidity of the chime entering the small intestine Liver produces bile which is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine; receives the nutrients which have been absorbed in the small intestine Bile yellow-brown liquid mixture of salts and lipids which breaks down the lipids in the digestive system into a fluid mixture Gallbladder stores bile until the body needs it for digestion Accompanies: The Human Body: Digestive System 3 The Human Body: Digestive System Small Intestine breaks down the chyme to absorb vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates and fats Duodenum begins the small intestine and is where most chemical digestion takes place Jejunum absorbs carbohydrates and proteins and is covered in villi Villi small finger like projections which aid in absorption Ileum absorbs lipids and bile and is covered in villi and microvilli Jejunum absorbs carbohydrates and proteins and is covered in villi S T U D E N T V O C A B U L A R Y H A N D O U T Villi small finger like projections which aid in absorption Ileum absorbs lipids and bile and is covered in villi and microvilli Large Intestine removes water from the chyme and houses many bacteria Appendix tubular organ connected to the large intestine which has no known purpose Cecum big pouch which receives waste material from the small intestine Colon largest portion of the large intestine; extracts water from feces Rectum acts as a temporary storage facility for feces Anus used to expel feces from the body Accompanies: The Human Body: Digestive System 4 The Human Body: Digestive System Appendicitis inflammation of the appendix due to a blockage in the appendix Cirrhosis scarring of the liver Colorectal cancer colon cancer or bowel cancer Gallstones crystalline bodies formed by normal or abnormal bile components Hepatitis inflammation of the liver Obesity condition where the natural energy reserve is increased to a point where it is associated with certain health conditions or increased mortality S T U D E N T V O C A B U L A R Y H A N D O U T Ulcers areas of the gastrointestinal tract which are acidic Accompanies: The Human Body: Digestive System 5