Download Trimester 2 final exam study guide

Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
11.1-11.3 Mendel and Genetics
*Gregor Mendel & his pea plant experiments
*Genes & Dominance (traits, hybrids, alleles, principle of dominance, segregation,
independent assortment)
*Punnett Squares & Probability (Homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype)
*Independent Assortment and Mendel’s Principles
*Beyond Dominance (Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Multiple alleles, polygenic
traits)
11.4 Meiosis
*Chromosome number (homologous chromosomes, diploid number, haploid number)
*Meiosis: reduction division that forms gametes
*Phases of Meiosis 1 & 2 (tetrad, crossing over)
*Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
*Knowing what it means for a gene to be “linked” to another (11.5)
Chapter 12 DNA & RNA
12.1 DNA
*Discovery of the DNA molecule: Griffith, Hershey and Chase, Chargaff, Franklin,
Watson and Crick
*Structure and location of DNA
*Double helix made up of nucleotides
*Nucleotide structure (sugar, phosphate, and one of 4 nitrogen bases)
*Purines (Adenine and Guanine)
*Pyrimidines (Thymine and Cytosine)
*Base-pairing A~T and G~C
*Hydrogen bonds hold nitrogen bases together
12.2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
*Forms of DNA: chromatin, nucleosome, and chromosome
*DNA Replication:
*Where in the cell?
*Function of helicase and DNA polymerase
*Semi-conservative process
12.3 DNA and Protein Synthesis
*Transcription and Translation (where and what)
*Functions of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA
*Difference between an intron and exon
*Difference between a codon and an anticodon
*Using the Genetic Code
12.4 Mutations
*Types
~Gene (Point) Mutations: insertions, substitutions, deletions
~Chromosomal Mutations: deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
Chapter 14 The Human Genome
14.1 Human Heredity
*Karyotyping
*Sex chromosomes vs Autosomes
*Pedigree Charts
*Blood Types and the ABO Blood Groups
*Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anemia
14.2 Human Chromosomes
*Sex-linked genes
*Colorblindness
*Hemophilia
*Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
*Chromosomal Disorders
(result of non-disjunction)
*Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)
*Turner’s Syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome
Chapter 15 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
15.1 Puzzle of Life’s Diversity
*Darwin, the H.M.S. Beagle, and the Galapagos Islands
*Fossils and patterns of diversity evidence for evolution
15.2 Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
*Lamarck (tendency toward perfection, use and disuse, and inheritance of acquired traits)
Hutton and Lyell (geology) Malthus (population growth), and Wallace (essay on
evolution)
15.3 Darwin Presents His Case
*Publication of On the Origin of Species
*Inherited variation and artificial selection
*Evolution by Natural Selection (struggle for existence, “fitness”, survival of the fittest,
adaptations, decent with modification)
*Evidence for Evolution (fossil record, geographic distribution of organisms, homologous
structures, vestigial organs, embryology, and DNA similarities)
Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations
16.1 Genes and Variation
*Genes pools and gene frequency
*Sources of genetic variation: mutations and gene shuffling
16.2 Evolution as Genetic Change
*Genetic drift
*Evolution vs Genetic Equilibrium: no random mating, large population, no immigration
or emigration, no mutations, no natural selection
16.3 Process of Speciation
*Speciation~ formation of new species
*Isolating Mechanisms: Behavioral, Geographic, and Temporal Isolation
Chapter 18 Classification
18.1 Finding Order in Diversity
*Why classify (taxonomy)
*Binomial Nomenclature
*Linnaeus’s System of Classification: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species
18.3 Kingdoms and Domains
*Six kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
*Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Chapter 3 The Biosphere
3.1 What is Ecology
*Levels of organization (Species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere)
*Ecological Methods (Observing, Experimenting, and Modeling)
3.2 Energy Flow
*Producers (Autotrophs)
*Photosynthesis vs chemosynthesis,
*Consumers (heterotrophs): herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detrivores, and
decomposers
*Feeing Relationships (trophic levels): Food Chains & Food Webs
*Ecological Pyramids (Energy, Biomass, Numbers)
3.3 Cycles of Matter
*Water cycle (evaporation and transpiration)
*Nitrogen cycle (nitrogen fixation and denitrification)
*Carbon cycle
*Phosphorus cycle
*Nutrient Limitation (primary productivity and limiting nutrients)
Chapter 4 Ecosystems & Communities
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem
*Biotic and Abiotic Factors
*Habitat and Niche
*Community Interactions: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis (Mutualism,
Commensalism, Parasitism)
*Ecological Succession: Primary succession, secondary succession
Chapter 5 Population
5.1 How Populations Grow
*Characteristics of Populations: population density, population growth (immigration and
emigration), exponential growth, logistic growth (carrying capacity)
5.2 Limits to Growth
*Limiting factors
*Density Dependent Factors: competition, predation, parasitism and disease
*Density Independent Factors: natural disasters, unusual weather, human activities