Download Final Exam Study Guide, Integrated Science 2 Name: Per: This study

Final Exam Study Guide, Integrated Science 2 Name: Per: This study guide is designed to help you prepare for the Integrated Science 2 Final Exam. The test will consist of multiple choice and matching questions and count for approximately 18% of your Semester Grade. Bring: a #2 Pencil with a good eraser to the exam. You may also bring notes on ½ of one side of an 8.5 by 11 piece of paper. Your notes must be in your own handwriting (no photocopies or typed notes) and must be composed of a single sheet of paper with nothing glued onto it. Study: your binder, your textbook, and PowerPoint notes and other assignments. Pay particular attention to concepts below and practice indicated “SKILLS”. Final Exam Date_________________________ Time__________ Space • Describe the Big Bang (including inflation), including supporting evidence • State the age of the universe, Milky Way and Earth • Explain how galaxies are formed, and provide a description of the Milky Way • Describe how stars are formed from a nebula, and identify the process that distinguishes a protostar from a main sequence star • Identify stages in the life cycle of two different masses of stars, one of which is a high mass star • Explain the processes of planetary development including heavy bombardment, differentiation, and surface evolution, and the formation of moons and rings • Identify and describe the planets, including similarities and differences in terrestrial and gas giants • Describe how Earth could have acquired our oceans • Explain how scientists use emission spectra data to determine the composition of a star • You are made primarily of Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Explain the origin of these elements and why some astronomers would describe you as a “star child” Early Life • Draw a scaled timeline with the following events included: “Formation of Earth”, “First Single-­‐Celled Organism”, “First Oxygen Producers”, “First Multi-­‐Celled Organism”, Earliest Modern Humans Appear”. • For each of the four eras of Earth’s History (Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic) state how long they lasted and give an example of one major group of organisms that lived during that time (try to focus on organisms that helped define that era) • Define spontaneous generation and give an example. Also describe early experiments that attempted to disprove spontaneous generation. • Describe the first true cells • Explain how earth’s atmosphere got its free oxygen including when it happened, which organisms created it, and how it affected other anaerobic organisms • Describe the various ways in which living organisms can be preserved as fossils (unaltered remains, altered remains, indirect evidence) and give examples • Explain relative age and identify techniques that can be used to determine the relative age of a fossil (Steno’s principles, etc). Draw a diagram of a layer of rocks and identify the relative age of the layers. • Explain absolute age and explain how radioactive dating can be used to determine absolute age of a fossil. Include the concept of half life in your response • SKILL: Complete sample half-­‐life calculations and be able to read and analyze a half-­‐life graph. • Describe the five points of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Provide an example for each bullet • Explain how homologous & analogous structures, biogeography, fossil evidence, molecular evidence and embryology support the concept that all animals evolved from common ancestors Cells & Genetics • Explain the role of organelles in cells • Identify the role of the following organelles: nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall • Define: homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, haploid, diploid, gamete • Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis • How many chromosomes in a human cell? In a human gamete? • Explain the relationship between genes, alleles, and chromosomes • Explain the process of meiosis, including crossing over • Explain how sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically similar & different from their parents • Explain how crossing over leads to genetic variation • Explain the relationship between meiosis, sexual reproduction, and punnett squares • Explain how a punnett square can be used to predict the inheritance of a trait based on the observed phenotypes in a population of organisms • Explain how nondisjunction leads to chromosomal disorders and give some examples • Explain the difference between autosomal and sex-­‐linked disorders/traits and give examples Pathogens & pGLO • Define the words pathogen and disease • Describe the structure of bacteria and explain how bacteria reproduce • List some common diseases caused by bacteria • Describe the structure of viruses. Explain the life cycle of a lytic and a lysogenic virus. • List some common diseases caused by viruses • Identify at least two diseases caused by each of the following: animals (worms), fungi, protists • Define plasmid and describe the genes carried on the pGLO plasmid • Describe the process of genetic transformation, and explain why E. coli bacteria are suitable for a transformation experiment • Describe the expected growth pattern on the 4 plates of the pGLO lab, and explain why those results are expected to occur Human Body Systems • Describe the major functions of the following body systems: skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory/urinary, digestive, endocrine, nervous, integumentary, immune/lymphatic. • For each body system, list the major organs/tissues that make up that system and describe how those organs or tissues help to carry out the system’s functions • For each body system, identify at least two common pathogens that can affect those systems