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FinalExamStudyGuide,IntegratedScience2 Name: Per: ThisstudyguideisdesignedtohelpyoupreparefortheIntegratedScience2FinalExam.Thetestwill consistofmultiplechoiceandmatchingquestionsandcountforbetween15-20%ofyourSemesterGrade. Bring:a#2Pencilwithagooderasertotheexam.Youmayalsobringnoteson½ofonesideofan8.5by11 pieceofpaper.Yournotesmustbeinyourownhandwriting(nophotocopiesortypednotes)andmustbe composedofasinglesheetofpaperwithnothinggluedontoit. Study:yourbinder,yourtextbook,andPowerPointnotesandotherassignments.Payparticularattentionto conceptsbelowandpracticeindicated“SKILLS”. FinalExamDate_________________________Time__________ Space • DescribetheBigBangandthefirstbillionyearsafter,includingsupportingevidence • Statetheageoftheuniverse,MilkyWayandEarth • Explainhowgalaxiesareformed,andprovideadescriptionoftheMilkyWayandidentifythelocationof itssupermassiveblackhole • Describehowstarsareformedfromanebula,andidentifytheprocessthatdistinguishesaprotostarfrom amainsequencestar • Identifystagesinthelifecycleoftwodifferentmassesofstars,oneofwhichisahighmassstar,include informationaboutfusion • Explaintheprocessesofplanetarydevelopmentincludingheavybombardment,differentiation,and surfaceevolution,andtheformationofmoonsandrings • Identifywhichplanetsareterrestrialandwhicharegasgiants,includingsimilaritiesanddifferencesin terrestrialandgasgiants • DescribehowEarthcouldhaveacquiredouroceans • Explainhowscientistsuseemissionspectradatatodeterminethecompositionofastar • YouaremadeprimarilyofCarbon,OxygenandNitrogen.Explaintheoriginoftheseelementsandwhy someastronomerswoulddescribeyouasa“starchild” EarlyLife • Drawascaledtimelinewiththefollowingeventsincluded:“FormationofEarth”,“FirstSingle-Celled Organism”,“FirstOxygenProducers”,“FirstMulti-CelledOrganism”,EarliestModernHumansAppear”. • ForeachofthefourerasofEarth’sHistory(Precambrian,Paleozoic,Mesozoic,Cenozoic)statehowlong theylastedandgiveanexampleofonemajorgroupoforganismsthatlivedduringthattime(trytofocuson organismsthathelpeddefinethatera) • Definespontaneousgenerationandgiveanexample.Alsodescribeearlyexperimentsthatattemptedto disprovespontaneousgeneration. • HowdidtheMiller-UreyexperimentcontributetoourunderstandingofhowlifeformedonEarth • Describethefirsttruecells • Explainhowearth’satmospheregotitsfreeoxygenincludingwhenithappened,whichorganismscreated it,andhowitaffectedotheranaerobicorganisms • Describethevariouswaysinwhichlivingorganismscanbepreservedasfossils(unalteredremains, alteredremains,indirectevidence)andgiveexamples • Explainrelativeageandidentifytechniquesthatcanbeusedtodeterminetherelativeageofafossil (Steno’sprinciples,etc).Drawadiagramofalayerofrocksandidentifytherelativeageofthelayers. • Explainabsoluteageandexplainhowradioactivedatingcanbeusedtodetermineabsoluteageofa fossil.Includetheconceptofhalflifeinyourresponse • SKILL:Completesamplehalf-lifecalculationsandbeabletoreadandanalyzeahalf-lifegraph. • DescribethefivepointsofDarwin’sTheoryofEvolution.Provideanexampleforeachbullet • Explainhowhomologous&analogousstructures,biogeography,fossilevidence,molecularevidenceand embryologysupporttheconceptthatallanimalsevolvedfromcommonancestors Cells&Genetics • Explaintheroleoforganellesincells • Identifytheroleofthefollowingorganelles:nucleus,chloroplast,mitochondria,cellmembrane,cellwall • Define:homozygous,heterozygous,genotype,phenotype,dominant,recessive,haploid,diploid,gamete • Compareandcontrastmitosisandmeiosis • Howmanychromosomesinahumancell?Inahumangamete? • Explaintherelationshipbetweengenes,alleles,andchromosomes • Explaintheprocessofmeiosis • Explainhowsexualreproductionresultsinoffspringthataregeneticallysimilar&differentfromtheir parents • Explainhowcrossingoverandindependentorientationleadstogeneticvariation • Explaintherelationshipbetweenmeiosis,sexualreproduction,andpunnettsquares • Explainhowapunnettsquarecanbeusedtopredicttheinheritanceofatraitbasedontheobserved phenotypesinapopulationoforganisms • Explainhownondisjunctionleadstochromosomaldisordersandgivesomeexamples • Explainthedifferencebetweenautosomalandsex-linkeddisorders/traitsandgiveexamples Pathogens&pGLO • Definethewordspathogenanddisease • Describethestructureofbacteriaandexplainhowbacteriareproduce • Listsomecommondiseasescausedbybacteria • Describethestructureofviruses.Explainthelifecycleofalyticandalysogenicvirus.Howdoesthis impactthepersonwhoisinfected? • Listsomecommondiseasescausedbyviruses • Identifyatleasttwodiseasescausedbyeachofthefollowing:animals(worms),fungi,protists • DefineplasmidanddescribethegenescarriedonthepGLOplasmid • Describetheprocessofgenetictransformation,andexplainwhyE.colibacteriaaresuitablefora transformationexperiment • Describetheexpectedgrowthpatternonthe4platesofthepGLOlab,andexplainwhythoseresultsare expectedtooccur HumanBodySystems • Describethemajorfunctionsofthefollowingbodysystems:skeletal,cardiovascular,respiratory, excretory/urinary,digestive,endocrine,nervous,integumentary,immune/lymphatic. • Foreachbodysystem,listthemajororgans/tissuesthatmakeupthatsystemanddescribehowthose organsortissueshelptocarryoutthesystem’sfunctions • Foreachbodysystem,identifyatleasttwocommonpathogensthatcanaffectthosesystems Experimental Design • Beabletoidentifyindependentanddependentvariables,controlsandconstantsinanexperiment. • Knowwhereonagraphtoshowindependentanddependentvariables.
