Download group - Steilacoom School District

Groups….Why are they
important and how do
we choose them?
Which group is most important in
your life?
1. Your friends
2. Your classmates
3. Your teammate
4. Your teachers
Groups, Categories, and Aggregates
• A group is composed of people who share
several features, including the following:
– They are in regular
contact with one
another.
– They share some
ways of thinking,
feeling and behaving.
Groups, Categories, and Aggregates
(cont.)
– They take one another’s behavior into
account.
– They have one or more interests or
goals in common.
Groups, Categories, and Aggregates
(cont.)
• A social category is composed of people
who share a social characteristic.
Groups, Categories, and Aggregates
(cont.)
• A social aggregate is composed of
people who happen to be in the same
place at the same time.
What is a Primary Group?
Why Are they important?
Primary Groups
• A primary group is composed of people
who are emotionally close, know one
another well, and seek one another’s
company.
Family
Unit that serve in combat
Primary Groups
• Primary relationships are intimate,
personal, caring and fulfilling.
Primary Groups (cont.)
• Conditions needed for a primary group:
– Small size
– Face-to-face contact
– Continuous contact
– Proper social environment
Primary Groups (cont.)
• The functions of a primary group are:
– Emotional support
– Socialization
– To encourage
conformity
Which is NOT a characteristic of a
primary group?
1. Large size
2. Continuous contact
3. Face-to-face contact
4. intimate
Secondary Groups
• A secondary group is impersonal and
goal oriented.
• Secondary relationships involve only
limited parts of personalities.
How many secondary groups do you
think you belong to?
1. 0–1
2. 2–3
3. 4–5
4. More than 5
Reference groups help us evaluate ourselves
and form identities. In-groups and out-groups
divide people into “we” and “they”. Social
networks extend our contacts and let us form
links to many other people.
Reference Groups
• Reference groups help us to evaluate
ourselves and to acquire attitudes, beliefs,
and norms—in both positive and negative
ways.
In-Groups and Out-Groups
• An in-group requires extreme loyalty from
its members to the exclusion of others.
• The in-group feels opposition, antagonism,
or competition toward the out-group.
In-Groups and Out-Groups (cont.)
• These groups can be found anywhere and
display some sort of boundary that
distinguishes them.
Social Networks
• A social network is the web of social
relationships that join a person to other
people and groups.
Social Networks (cont.)
• A social network does not qualify as a
group, but serves many purposes.
• Functions:
– A sense of belonging and purpose
– Help and advice
– Help finding a job
Five types of social interaction are basic to
group life: cooperation, conflict, social
exchange, coercion, and conformity.
Five Types of Group Social Interaction
• The five types of social interaction basic to
group life:
– Cooperation
– Conflict
– Social exchange
– Coercion
– Conformity
Five Types of Group Social Interaction
(cont.)
– Some encourage stability and some
encourage change.
Cooperation
• Cooperation is a form of interaction in
which individuals or groups combine their
efforts to reach some goal.
Conflict
• Groups or individuals that work against
one another for a larger share of the
rewards are in conflict.
Conflict (cont.)
• The positive effects of conflict are that it:
– promotes cooperation and unity within
the opposing groups.
– draws attention to social inequalities.
– changes norms, beliefs and values.
Social Exchange
• Social exchange is a type of social
interaction in which one person voluntarily
does something for another person,
expecting a reward in return.
• Reciprocity
involves doing
for others what
they have done
for you.
Social Exchange (cont.)
• Cooperation is different than social
exchange because nothing is expected in
return.
Coercion
• Coercion is social interaction in which
individuals or groups are forced to give in
to the will of other individuals or groups.
• This is the opposite of social exchange.
Conformity
• Conformity is behavior that matches the
group expectations.
• Solomon Asch’s line experiment
demonstrates conformity.
Cards for Asch’s Experiments
Conformity (cont.)
• Groupthink exists when thinking in a
group is self-deceptive, based on
conformity to group beliefs, and created by
group pressure.
A formal organization
A formal organization is created to achieve
some goal. Most are bureaucratic, the
existence of primary groups and primary
relationships within formal organizations can
either help or hinder the achievement of goals.
Which are formal organizations?
A. High schools
B. Government agencies
C. Hospital
D. All of the above
The Nature of Formal Organizations
• A formal organization is deliberately
created to achieve one or more long-term
goals.
• A bureaucracy is a formal organization
based on rationality and efficiency.
Do you agree that bureaucracies can
be inefficient?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
Major Characteristics of Bureaucracies
• A bureaucracy is a division of labor based
on the principle of specialization.
Major Characteristics of Bureaucracies
(cont.)
• A bureaucracy is a hierarchy of authority.
• Power refers to the ability to control the
behavior of others, even against their will.
• Authority is the exercise of legitimate
power—power that derives from a
recognized or approved source.
Major Characteristics of Bureaucracies
(cont.)
• Bureaucracies are systems of rules and
procedures.
• They include written records of work and
activities.
• People in bureaucracies are promoted on
the basis of merit and qualifications.
Max Weber and Bureaucracy
• Rationalization—the mind-set emphasizing
knowledge, reason, and planning rather than
tradition and superstition—was on the rise as
the industrial economy developed.
Max Weber and Bureaucracy (cont.)
• Weber believed that a bureaucracy could
offer steadiness, precision, continuity,
speed, efficiency, and minimum cost since
the industrial economy was moving so
quickly.
• Bureaucracy
is designed
to protect
individuals
despite its
negative
reputation.
Informal Structure Within
Organizations
• Bureaucracies are designed to act as
secondary groups, but primary
relationships still emerge as part of the
informal organization.
Informal Structure Within
Organizations (cont.)
• An informal organization is comprised of
groups within a formal organization.
• In informal organizations, personal
relationships are guided by norms, rituals,
and sentiments that are not part of the formal
organization.
• Informal groups exist to meet needs ignored
by the formal organization.
Informal groups serve the following
purposes EXCEPT
A. Protection
B. Personal affection
C. Humor
D. Teaching authority
Iron Law of Oligarchy
• According to the iron law of oligarchy,
power increasingly tends to become more
and more concentrated in the hands of
fewer members of any organization.
• Those in power want to remain in power.
Iron Law of Oligarchy (cont.)
• Three organizational factors encourage
oligarchy:
– Organizations need a hierarchy of
authority to delegate decision making.
– The advantages held by those at the top
allow them to consolidate their powers.
– Other members of the organization tend
to defer to leaders.
The End for
now…….