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WFL Publisher Science and Technology Meri-Rastilantie 3 B, FI-00980 Helsinki, Finland e-mail: [email protected] Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11 (3&4): 2389-2392. 2013 www.world-food.net Effects of different fillers and soil water contents in tightly covered greenhouse on soil chemical properties in continuous cropping Xin-yu Mao 1, 2, Xiao-hou Shao 1, 2*, Jiu-gen Mao 3, Dong-sheng Wang 3 and Ting-ting Chang 1, 2 1 Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China. 2 College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China. 3 Nanjing Vegetable Science Institute, Nanjing 211100, China. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received 16 June 2013, accepted 8 October 2013. Abstract Covering greenhouse tightly has become one of the most effective methods for controlling continuous cropping obstacles by increasing the temperature. In order to determine the optimal scheme for covering greenhouse tightly, effects of different fillers and soil water contents in tightly covered greenhouse on soil chemical properties were conducted in this paper. The preliminary results indicated that soil chemical properties were closely related to different fillers, soil water contents and duration in covering greenhouse tightly. Applied both calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) and organic fertilizer (OF) with soil water content of 85- 100% could effectively regulate soil acidity, alleviate the rise of soil salinity, increased soil organic matter (OM) and balance soil available nutrients. Nitrogen was easy to lose and soil available phosphorus (AP) was low when soil water content was smaller than 85% of field capacity. The soil available potassium (AK) was decreased when it was larger than 100% of field capacity. In terms of duration, 15 - 20 d was optimal where soil EC, pH value, AP, AK and NH4+ -N reached peaks. After 20 d, except for quantity of NH4+ -N transformed into NO3-N which led to the loss of nitrogen, no significant variations were observed among the other soil chemical indexes. In conclusion, covering greenhouse tightly with application of both CaCN2 and OF as well as 85-100% soil water content of field capacity in 15 - 20 days was the optimal scheme for controlling the continuous cropping obstacles by improving soil chemical properties. Key words: Covering greenhouse tightly, filler, soil water content, duration, soil chemical prosperities, continuous cropping. Introduction Protected cultivation has already become an important way for vegetable plantation in China 1; however, continuous cropping obstacles due to improper pursuit of high profit seriously restricted the sustainable development of protected cultivation. Recent years, researches on improvement of cultivation techniques, balanced fertilization, moist heat sterilization, straw bioreactor, high temperature control, CaCN2 disinfection and bio-fertilizer were conducted and their effects for continuous cropping obstacles’ prevention and control were favourable 2-10. However, analyses about coupling effects of different fillers, soil water contents and durations in tightly covered greenhouse on soil chemical properties were relatively short. Therefore, experiments under covering greenhouse tightly with different fillers, soil water contents and durations were designed to determine their influences on soil chemical properties. Materials and Methods General situations of experimental site: The experiments were implemented in Nanjing Vegetable Science Institute (31°72' N, 118°76' E) in 2011 and 2012, respectively. It was located in humid and tropic monsoon climatic zone with annual average temperature of 15.7°C, precipitation of 1106.5 mm and maximum humidity of 85%. The experimental soil was heavy clay and had continuous cropping obstacles as a three-year cultivation of tomato. The main chemical properties of soil were shown as follows: 21.5 g·kg-1 of organic matter, 6.05 of pH, 264 µm·cm-1 of EC, 65.8 mg·kg-1 of NH4+ -N, 1.8 mg·kg-1 of NO3-N, 30.2 mg·kg-1 of available phosphorus, 152.5 mg·kg-1 of available potassium. Experimental design: The experimental fillers were CaCN2 and OF. The OF was mainly consisted of herb residues of “Mailuoning” with ingredients of organic matter (721 g·kg-1), total N (24.9 g·kg-1), total P2O5 (7.8 g·kg-1), total K2O (11.3 g·kg-1) and pH of 6.89; CaCN 2 was mainly consisted of calcium cyanamide with ingredients of total N (200 g·kg-1) and pH of 12.4. Eight treatments were set with different fillers and soil water contents (Table 1). The amount of CaCN2 (C) and OF (O) was 750 kg·hm-2 and 15,000 kg·hm-2, respectively. Three replicates were prepared for each treatment in 12m2 experimental plot. The experimental plots covered with mulch films were strictly closed and irrigated according to different soil water contents for 30 days (July 15th - August 15th). Design of the two years was the same and those results of 2012 were chosen for analysis. Measuring indexes and methods: Earth-boring auger was used to take soil samples from 0 - 30 cm soil layers of same location on 0 d, 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, 20 d, 25 d and 30 d, respectively. The measuring indexes and relative methods were shown in Table 2. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013 2389 Treatment Filler Soil water content (% of field capacity) T1 / T2 C T3 O T4 C+O T5 C+O T6 C+O T7 C+O T8 C+O 100 100 100 100 50 70 85 115 application of CaCN2 or OF. It declined after 20 d due to the partial transformation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. Furthermore, soil pH value was maximum (6.46) when applied both CaCN2 and OF with soil water content of 100% of field capacity due to the rising rate of filler’s decomposition. Table 2. Measuring indexes and methods 11. Measure indexes OM Ammonia nitrogen Nitrate nitrogen Available phosphorus Available potassium pH & EC Methods Potassium dichromate titrimetric analysis (external heating) KCl extraction/MgO distillation Phenol disulfonic acid colorimetry 0.5mol NaHCO3 extraction/MADAC 1mol CH3COONH4 extraction/ spectrophotometry Potentiometry (METTLER TOLEDO FE30) Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed statistically by SPSS 17.0 and plotted by Origin 8.0. The significant differences among the treatments were estimated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and the average values were compared by Least Significant Difference (LSD) method. Results and Discussion Soil pH value influenced by different treatments: Fig. 1 indicates that soil pH values of all treatments were first increased to peak between 15 d and 20 d and then stabilized with slight declines after 20 d. Soil pH values from T1 to T8 were 6.10, 6.42, 6.32, 6.46, 6.37, 6.37, 6.36 and 6.37, respectively, and were all larger than original one. From T1 to T4, pH value of T3 experienced a sharp decrease during its increasing trend. T4 had the largest pH value of 6.46 and was 0.36 bigger than that of T1. PH values of T1, T2, T3 and T4 ranked from large to small was T4 > T2 > T3 > T1. It was suggested that application of CaCN2 and OF was beneficial for soil acidity regulation. Furthermore, under condition of the same filler, the pH values of T4 was maximum (6.46) when soil water content was kept by 100% of field capacity. Furthermore, soil pH values of T5 to T8 were 0.08 - 0.09 smaller than that of T4 and did not reach significant level when soil water contents were larger or smaller than 100% of field capacity. 6.7 pH value 6.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 0 5 10 15 20 Time (days) 25 30 Soil EC value influenced by different treatments: Fig. 2 illustrates that the EC values of the different treatments were gradually increased to peak on 15 d as the increase of time and then decreased until the end of covering greenhouse tightly except for T1 (253 µm·cm-1) which was smaller than its original value (264 µm·cm-1). The EC values ranked from large to small were T3 > T4 > T2. It indicated that application of CaCN2 or OF would increase the soil EC value but the rising rate would be slowed down when applied both. In addition, the EC values ranked from large to small was T5 > T6 > T4 > T7 > T8 which indicated that EC values decreased as the increase of soil water content with the same filler. EC value (µ µm·cm-1) Table1. Experimental design. 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 5 10 15 20 Time (days) 25 30 Figure 2. Soil EC values influenced by different treatments. Soil EC values are related to filler, soil water content and duration in covering greenhouse tightly. When applied in OF, soil EC value was obviously increased as the increase of K+, Na+ and Clhydrolyzed by OF; When applied both CaCN2 and OF, the rising rate of soil EC value was alleviated due to the restrain of nitrification16, 17. When the filler was the same, soil EC value decreased as the increase of soil water content which caused the decline of NO3-N. Soil OM influenced by different treatments: Fig. 3 shows that OM of T1 and T2 decreased by 5.6% and 6.6%, respectively which indicated that covering greenhouse tightly with no filler or CaCN2 would lead to the decrease of OM. In addition, the differences of OM among T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were not significant but obvious when compared with T1 and T2. It indicated that applied in combination with CaCN2 and OF was beneficial for the improvement and accumulation of OM 18. It also indicated that there were no big variations of OM under the conditions of same filler but different soil water contents in short period. The soil content of OM is the indicator of soil fertility as well as Figure 1. Soil pH values influenced by different treatments. 2390 Before covering greenhouse tightly Organic matter (g·kg-1) Soil pH is an important chemical property which influences soil microbial activity, organic decomposition, crop growth and soil nutrient’s release, fix and migration 12, 13. CaCN2 (12.4 of pH) could regulate soil acidity by neutralizing acids with calcium hydroxide and ammonia nitrogen 14. OF could also increase soil pH through the effect of ammonia nitrogen generated during its decomposition15. Results of the experiment indicated that soil pH value was increased by covering greenhouse tightly with the After covering greenhouse tightly Treatments Figure 3. Soil OM influenced by different treatments. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013 NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 5 10 15 20 Time (days) 25 30 Figure 4. Soil NH4+ -N influenced by different treatments. 35 25 3 4 20 15 5 6 7 8 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 Time (days) 25 30 Figure 5. Soil NO3-N influenced by different treatments. Soil NH4+ -N and NO3-N reflect the content of soil available nitrogen and could transform into each other. NO3-N could be easily washed away which would result in the loss of soil available nitrogen in the experiment. It was indicated that content of soil NO 3-N was low when applied in CaCN2 which restrained nitrification. Soil NH4+ -N could quickly transform into NO3-N when applied in OF. The transformation rate would be retarded which was beneficial for nitrogen’s usage when applied in both CaCN2 and OF 16, 18 . Furthermore, soil NH4+ -N increased and NO3-N decreased as the increase of soil water content which indicated that the loss of nitrogen could be controlled under proper soil water content. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 5 10 15 20 Time (days) 25 30 Figure 6. Soil AP influenced by different treatments. 190 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 180 170 160 150 140 130 1 2 30 NO3-N (mg·kg -1) 80 Available phosphorus (mg·kg -1) Soil NH4+ -N and NO3-N influenced by different treatments: Figs 4 and 5 show that soil NH4+ -N and NO3-N were higher than original levels after covering greenhouse tightly. Soil NH4+-N was first increased to peak on 15 d and then decreased slightly after 20 d while NO3-N was increasing throughout the covering experiment. It was indicated part of NH4+ -N transformed into NO3-N after 15 d which caused the loss of NH4+ -N . In addition, Figs 4 and 5 illustrate that the NH4+ -N of T2, T3 and T4 ranked from large to small was T4 > T2 > T3. T3 and T2 had the largest and lowest NO3N, respectively and the difference reached significant level. It indicated that CaCN2 could restrain nitrification. From T4 to T8, NH4+ -N and NO3-N had a rising and decreasing trend respectively as the increase of soil water content which indicated that their contents and mutual transformation were related to soil water content. Soil available phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK) influenced by different treatments: Figs 6 and 7 show that soil AP and AK of T1 had little variations after covering greenhouse tightly while those of the other seven treatments were first increased to peak on 15 d and then decreased with small dynamic variations. Soil AP and AK ranked from large to small were T4 > T3 and T2 > T1. It indicated that the application of CaCN2 or OF could increase soil available nutrients and the effect was better when applied both. From T4 to T8, soil AP and AK were raised as the increase of soil water content; significant differences of soil AP and AK were observed when compared T8 (53.5 mg·kg-1) with T4 (47.2 mg·kg-1) and T4 (180.2 mg·kg-1) with T1 (155.3 mg·kg-1), respectively, while differences of those among T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were not obvious. It indicated that the contents of soil AP and AK were large when soil water content was 100% of field capacity. Furthermore, the validity of AP was increased while that of AK was declined as further increase of soil water content. Available potassium (mg·kg -1) the base of high yield. Results of the experiment indicated that OM was increased by 12.1% with OF and 16.3- 18.1% with combination of CaCN2 and OF, indicating combination of CaCN2 and OF was optimal for the improvement of soil fertility 18. In addition, different soil water contents were not significant for the variation of OM since no big variations were observed. 0 5 10 15 20 Time (days) 25 30 Figure 7. Soil AK influenced by different treatments. Soil AP and AK would be increased and soil nutrients would be balanced when applied both CaCN2 and OF with proper soil water content and duration in covering greenhouse tightly. Results of the experiment indicated that the contents of AP and AK were increased when applied in CaCN2. Humic acid which was beneficial for conservation and release of AP and AK was increased when applied in OF 19. When applied both CaCN2 and OF, CaCN2 could neutralize the acid decomposed by OF and accelerate its decomposition process which resulted in better accumulation of AP and AK. In addition, AP and AK would increase as the increase of soil water content: AP was maximum when soil water content was 100- 115% of field capacity. AK was maximum when soil water content was 100% of field capacity, and its validity was decreased as the formation of indissolvable sylvite with further increase of soil water content. Conclusions It was indicated that soil chemical properties were closely related to different fillers, soil water contents and duration in covering greenhouse tightly. In terms of fillers, applied both CaCN2 and OF with soil water content of 85 - 100% could effectively regulate soil Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013 2391 acidity, alleviate the rise of soil salinity, increased OM and balance soil available nutrients. For soil water content, nitrogen was easy to lose and AP was low when it was smaller than 85% of field capacity. The AK was decreased when it was larger than 100% of field capacity. In terms of duration, 15 - 20 d was optimal where soil EC, pH value, AP, AK and NH4+ -N reached peaks. After 20 d, except for quantity of NH4+ -N transformed into NO3-N which led to the loss of nitrogen, no significant variations were observed among the other soil chemical indexes. In conclusion, covering greenhouse tightly with application of both CaCN2 and OF as well as 85-100% soil water content of field capacity in 15 - 20 days was the optimal scheme for controlling the continuous cropping obstacles by improving soil chemical properties. Acknowledgements This research was financially supported by the Scientific Research of the Agricultural Welfare Project (200903001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51179054), the fund of the Ministry of Water Resources Public Welfare Projects (201301017) and the National Science Technology Support Project (2012BAB03B03). 8(6):709-716. Huang, C. Y. 2000. Pedology. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, pp.3364 (in Chinese). 14 Trwmblay, N., Belec, C., Coulombe, J. and Godin, C. 2005. 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