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Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11 (3&4): 2389-2392. 2013
www.world-food.net
Effects of different fillers and soil water contents in tightly covered greenhouse on soil
chemical properties in continuous cropping
Xin-yu Mao 1, 2, Xiao-hou Shao 1, 2*, Jiu-gen Mao 3, Dong-sheng Wang 3 and Ting-ting Chang 1, 2
1
Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China of Ministry
of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China. 2 College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering,
Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China. 3 Nanjing Vegetable Science Institute, Nanjing 211100, China.
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Received 16 June 2013, accepted 8 October 2013.
Abstract
Covering greenhouse tightly has become one of the most effective methods for controlling continuous cropping obstacles by increasing the temperature.
In order to determine the optimal scheme for covering greenhouse tightly, effects of different fillers and soil water contents in tightly covered greenhouse
on soil chemical properties were conducted in this paper. The preliminary results indicated that soil chemical properties were closely related to different
fillers, soil water contents and duration in covering greenhouse tightly. Applied both calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) and organic fertilizer (OF) with soil
water content of 85- 100% could effectively regulate soil acidity, alleviate the rise of soil salinity, increased soil organic matter (OM) and balance soil
available nutrients. Nitrogen was easy to lose and soil available phosphorus (AP) was low when soil water content was smaller than 85% of field
capacity. The soil available potassium (AK) was decreased when it was larger than 100% of field capacity. In terms of duration, 15 - 20 d was optimal
where soil EC, pH value, AP, AK and NH4+ -N reached peaks. After 20 d, except for quantity of NH4+ -N transformed into NO3-N which led to the loss
of nitrogen, no significant variations were observed among the other soil chemical indexes. In conclusion, covering greenhouse tightly with application of
both CaCN2 and OF as well as 85-100% soil water content of field capacity in 15 - 20 days was the optimal scheme for controlling the continuous
cropping obstacles by improving soil chemical properties.
Key words: Covering greenhouse tightly, filler, soil water content, duration, soil chemical prosperities, continuous cropping.
Introduction
Protected cultivation has already become an important way for
vegetable plantation in China 1; however, continuous cropping
obstacles due to improper pursuit of high profit seriously
restricted the sustainable development of protected cultivation.
Recent years, researches on improvement of cultivation
techniques, balanced fertilization, moist heat sterilization, straw
bioreactor, high temperature control, CaCN2 disinfection and
bio-fertilizer were conducted and their effects for continuous
cropping obstacles’ prevention and control were favourable 2-10.
However, analyses about coupling effects of different fillers,
soil water contents and durations in tightly covered greenhouse
on soil chemical properties were relatively short. Therefore,
experiments under covering greenhouse tightly with different
fillers, soil water contents and durations were designed to
determine their influences on soil chemical properties.
Materials and Methods
General situations of experimental site: The experiments were
implemented in Nanjing Vegetable Science Institute (31°72' N,
118°76' E) in 2011 and 2012, respectively. It was located in humid
and tropic monsoon climatic zone with annual average
temperature of 15.7°C, precipitation of 1106.5 mm and
maximum humidity of 85%. The experimental soil was heavy
clay and had continuous cropping obstacles as a three-year
cultivation of tomato. The main chemical properties of soil were
shown as follows: 21.5 g·kg-1 of organic matter, 6.05 of pH, 264
µm·cm-1 of EC, 65.8 mg·kg-1 of NH4+ -N, 1.8 mg·kg-1 of NO3-N, 30.2
mg·kg-1 of available phosphorus, 152.5 mg·kg-1 of available
potassium.
Experimental design: The experimental fillers were CaCN2 and
OF. The OF was mainly consisted of herb residues of
“Mailuoning” with ingredients of organic matter (721 g·kg-1),
total N (24.9 g·kg-1), total P2O5 (7.8 g·kg-1), total K2O (11.3 g·kg-1)
and pH of 6.89; CaCN 2 was mainly consisted of calcium
cyanamide with ingredients of total N (200 g·kg-1) and pH of
12.4. Eight treatments were set with different fillers and soil
water contents (Table 1). The amount of CaCN2 (C) and OF (O)
was 750 kg·hm-2 and 15,000 kg·hm-2, respectively. Three replicates
were prepared for each treatment in 12m2 experimental plot. The
experimental plots covered with mulch films were strictly closed
and irrigated according to different soil water contents for 30 days
(July 15th - August 15th). Design of the two years was the same and
those results of 2012 were chosen for analysis.
Measuring indexes and methods: Earth-boring auger was used
to take soil samples from 0 - 30 cm soil layers of same location
on 0 d, 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, 20 d, 25 d and 30 d, respectively. The
measuring indexes and relative methods were shown in Table 2.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013
2389
Treatment
Filler
Soil water
content
(% of field
capacity)
T1
/
T2
C
T3
O
T4
C+O
T5
C+O
T6
C+O
T7
C+O
T8
C+O
100
100
100
100
50
70
85
115
application of CaCN2 or OF. It declined after 20 d due to the partial
transformation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen.
Furthermore, soil pH value was maximum (6.46) when applied both
CaCN2 and OF with soil water content of 100% of field capacity
due to the rising rate of filler’s decomposition.
Table 2. Measuring indexes and methods 11.
Measure indexes
OM
Ammonia nitrogen
Nitrate nitrogen
Available phosphorus
Available potassium
pH & EC
Methods
Potassium dichromate titrimetric analysis (external
heating)
KCl extraction/MgO distillation
Phenol disulfonic acid colorimetry
0.5mol NaHCO3 extraction/MADAC
1mol CH3COONH4 extraction/ spectrophotometry
Potentiometry (METTLER TOLEDO FE30)
Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed statistically by SPSS
17.0 and plotted by Origin 8.0. The significant differences among
the treatments were estimated by one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) method and the average values were compared by
Least Significant Difference (LSD) method.
Results and Discussion
Soil pH value influenced by different treatments: Fig. 1 indicates
that soil pH values of all treatments were first increased to peak
between 15 d and 20 d and then stabilized with slight declines
after 20 d. Soil pH values from T1 to T8 were 6.10, 6.42, 6.32, 6.46,
6.37, 6.37, 6.36 and 6.37, respectively, and were all larger than
original one. From T1 to T4, pH value of T3 experienced a sharp
decrease during its increasing trend. T4 had the largest pH value
of 6.46 and was 0.36 bigger than that of T1. PH values of T1, T2,
T3 and T4 ranked from large to small was T4 > T2 > T3 > T1. It was
suggested that application of CaCN2 and OF was beneficial for
soil acidity regulation. Furthermore, under condition of the same
filler, the pH values of T4 was maximum (6.46) when soil water
content was kept by 100% of field capacity. Furthermore, soil pH
values of T5 to T8 were 0.08 - 0.09 smaller than that of T4 and did
not reach significant level when soil water contents were larger or
smaller than 100% of field capacity.
6.7
pH value
6.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6.3
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.5
0
5
10
15
20
Time (days)
25
30
Soil EC value influenced by different treatments: Fig. 2 illustrates
that the EC values of the different treatments were gradually
increased to peak on 15 d as the increase of time and then
decreased until the end of covering greenhouse tightly except for
T1 (253 µm·cm-1) which was smaller than its original value (264
µm·cm-1). The EC values ranked from large to small were T3 > T4 >
T2. It indicated that application of CaCN2 or OF would increase
the soil EC value but the rising rate would be slowed down when
applied both. In addition, the EC values ranked from large to small
was T5 > T6 > T4 > T7 > T8 which indicated that EC values
decreased as the increase of soil water content with the same
filler.
EC value (µ
µm·cm-1)
Table1. Experimental design.
380
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
5
10
15
20
Time (days)
25
30
Figure 2. Soil EC values influenced by different treatments.
Soil EC values are related to filler, soil water content and duration
in covering greenhouse tightly. When applied in OF, soil EC value
was obviously increased as the increase of K+, Na+ and Clhydrolyzed by OF; When applied both CaCN2 and OF, the rising
rate of soil EC value was alleviated due to the restrain of
nitrification16, 17. When the filler was the same, soil EC value
decreased as the increase of soil water content which caused
the decline of NO3-N.
Soil OM influenced by different treatments: Fig. 3 shows that
OM of T1 and T2 decreased by 5.6% and 6.6%, respectively which
indicated that covering greenhouse tightly with no filler or CaCN2
would lead to the decrease of OM. In addition, the differences of
OM among T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were not significant but
obvious when compared with T1 and T2. It indicated that applied
in combination with CaCN2 and OF was beneficial for the
improvement and accumulation of OM 18. It also indicated that
there were no big variations of OM under the conditions of same
filler but different soil water contents in short period.
The soil content of OM is the indicator of soil fertility as well as
Figure 1. Soil pH values influenced by different treatments.
2390
Before covering
greenhouse tightly
Organic matter (g·kg-1)
Soil pH is an important chemical property which influences soil
microbial activity, organic decomposition, crop growth and soil
nutrient’s release, fix and migration 12, 13. CaCN2 (12.4 of pH) could
regulate soil acidity by neutralizing acids with calcium hydroxide
and ammonia nitrogen 14. OF could also increase soil pH through
the effect of ammonia nitrogen generated during its
decomposition15. Results of the experiment indicated that soil pH
value was increased by covering greenhouse tightly with the
After covering
greenhouse tightly
Treatments
Figure 3. Soil OM influenced by different treatments.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013
NH4+-N (mg·kg-1)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
5
10
15
20
Time (days)
25
30
Figure 4. Soil NH4+ -N influenced by different treatments.
35
25
3
4
20
15
5
6
7
8
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
Time (days)
25
30
Figure 5. Soil NO3-N influenced by different treatments.
Soil NH4+ -N and NO3-N reflect the content of soil available
nitrogen and could transform into each other. NO3-N could be
easily washed away which would result in the loss of soil available
nitrogen in the experiment. It was indicated that content of soil
NO 3-N was low when applied in CaCN2 which restrained
nitrification. Soil NH4+ -N could quickly transform into NO3-N when
applied in OF. The transformation rate would be retarded which
was beneficial for nitrogen’s usage when applied in both CaCN2
and OF 16, 18 . Furthermore, soil NH4+ -N increased and NO3-N
decreased as the increase of soil water content which indicated
that the loss of nitrogen could be controlled under proper soil
water content.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
5
10
15
20
Time (days)
25
30
Figure 6. Soil AP influenced by different treatments.
190
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
180
170
160
150
140
130
1
2
30
NO3-N (mg·kg -1)
80
Available phosphorus
(mg·kg -1)
Soil NH4+ -N and NO3-N influenced by different treatments: Figs
4 and 5 show that soil NH4+ -N and NO3-N were higher than
original levels after covering greenhouse tightly. Soil NH4+-N was
first increased to peak on 15 d and then decreased slightly after 20
d while NO3-N was increasing throughout the covering experiment.
It was indicated part of NH4+ -N transformed into NO3-N after 15 d
which caused the loss of NH4+ -N . In addition, Figs 4 and 5
illustrate that the NH4+ -N of T2, T3 and T4 ranked from large to
small was T4 > T2 > T3. T3 and T2 had the largest and lowest NO3N, respectively and the difference reached significant level. It
indicated that CaCN2 could restrain nitrification. From T4 to T8,
NH4+ -N and NO3-N had a rising and decreasing trend respectively
as the increase of soil water content which indicated that their
contents and mutual transformation were related to soil water
content.
Soil available phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK) influenced
by different treatments: Figs 6 and 7 show that soil AP and AK of
T1 had little variations after covering greenhouse tightly while
those of the other seven treatments were first increased to peak
on 15 d and then decreased with small dynamic variations. Soil AP
and AK ranked from large to small were T4 > T3 and T2 > T1. It
indicated that the application of CaCN2 or OF could increase soil
available nutrients and the effect was better when applied both.
From T4 to T8, soil AP and AK were raised as the increase of soil
water content; significant differences of soil AP and AK were
observed when compared T8 (53.5 mg·kg-1) with T4 (47.2 mg·kg-1)
and T4 (180.2 mg·kg-1) with T1 (155.3 mg·kg-1), respectively, while
differences of those among T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were not obvious.
It indicated that the contents of soil AP and AK were large when
soil water content was 100% of field capacity. Furthermore, the
validity of AP was increased while that of AK was declined as
further increase of soil water content.
Available potassium
(mg·kg -1)
the base of high yield. Results of the experiment indicated that
OM was increased by 12.1% with OF and 16.3- 18.1% with
combination of CaCN2 and OF, indicating combination of CaCN2
and OF was optimal for the improvement of soil fertility 18. In
addition, different soil water contents were not significant for the
variation of OM since no big variations were observed.
0
5
10
15
20
Time (days)
25
30
Figure 7. Soil AK influenced by different treatments.
Soil AP and AK would be increased and soil nutrients would be
balanced when applied both CaCN2 and OF with proper soil water
content and duration in covering greenhouse tightly. Results of
the experiment indicated that the contents of AP and AK were
increased when applied in CaCN2. Humic acid which was beneficial
for conservation and release of AP and AK was increased when
applied in OF 19. When applied both CaCN2 and OF, CaCN2 could
neutralize the acid decomposed by OF and accelerate its
decomposition process which resulted in better accumulation of
AP and AK. In addition, AP and AK would increase as the increase
of soil water content: AP was maximum when soil water content
was 100- 115% of field capacity. AK was maximum when soil water
content was 100% of field capacity, and its validity was decreased
as the formation of indissolvable sylvite with further increase of
soil water content.
Conclusions
It was indicated that soil chemical properties were closely related
to different fillers, soil water contents and duration in covering
greenhouse tightly. In terms of fillers, applied both CaCN2 and OF
with soil water content of 85 - 100% could effectively regulate soil
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013
2391
acidity, alleviate the rise of soil salinity, increased OM and balance
soil available nutrients. For soil water content, nitrogen was easy
to lose and AP was low when it was smaller than 85% of field
capacity. The AK was decreased when it was larger than 100% of
field capacity. In terms of duration, 15 - 20 d was optimal where
soil EC, pH value, AP, AK and NH4+ -N reached peaks. After 20 d,
except for quantity of NH4+ -N transformed into NO3-N which led
to the loss of nitrogen, no significant variations were observed
among the other soil chemical indexes.
In conclusion, covering greenhouse tightly with application of
both CaCN2 and OF as well as 85-100% soil water content of field
capacity in 15 - 20 days was the optimal scheme for controlling the
continuous cropping obstacles by improving soil chemical
properties.
Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by the Scientific
Research of the Agricultural Welfare Project (200903001), the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51179054), the
fund of the Ministry of Water Resources Public Welfare Projects
(201301017) and the National Science Technology Support
Project (2012BAB03B03).
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Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013