Download Biol 1406 Ch 5

Study
Guide
in
preparation
for
Exam
II
Macromolecules
i)
Know
the
definitions
of
the
following
words:
Monomer
Polymer
ii)
What
are
the
four
different
classes
of
macromolecules?
iii)
Know
the
difference
between
hydrolysis
and
condensation
reactions,
as
well
as
when
each
is
used
in
the
cell.
iv)
Know
the
monomers
of
each
class
of
macromolecule.
v)
Know
how
to
identify
macromolecules
based
upon
their
structure,
name,
linkages
between
their
monomers
or
their
function.
vi)
In
the
instance
of
Carbohydrates,
know
the
difference
of
function
between
a
monomer
and
a
polymer.
Additionally,
know
the
difference
in
function
and
structure
between
different
types
of
polymers.
vii)
Know
the
differences
structurally,
and
functionally,
of
lipids.
Are
there
also
similarities?
viii)
What
is
the
chemical/structural
difference
between
an
unsaturated
and
a
saturated
fat?
What
is
the
observable
physical
difference
between
them?
ix)
Where
in
the
cell
and
body
are
different
types
of
lipids
used?
x)
Know
about
commonalities
in
amino
acid
structure.
Where
will
each
amino
acid
differ?
xi)
Know
the
differences
between
the
structural
levels
of
proteins
as
well
as
key
structures
that
can
be
identified
certain
levels.
xii)
What
is
the
process
called
wherein
a
protein
is
unfolded?
What
effect
does
this
have
on
the
protein?
xiii)
Know
the
three
components
that
make
up
a
nucleic
acid
xiv)
Understand
the
difference,
structurally,
between
purines
and
pyrimidines.
xv)
What
purine
pairs
up
with
what
pyrimidine?
What
kind
of
bond
do
they
form?
xvi)
Be
able
to
identify
DNA
or
RNA
based
upon
the
sugar
found
in
the
molecule.
A
Tour
of
the
Cell
i)
Why
is
it
more
beneficial
for
cells
to
be
smaller
rather
than
larger?
ii)
Know
what
organelles
are
used
in
the
four
different
processes
of
the
cell:
Manufacturing,
Breakdown,
Energy
processing,
Structural
support
iii)
Be
able
to
identify
organelles
based
upon
their
structure
or
function.
iv)
Understand
the
endomembrane
system.
Be
able
to
draw
out
the
path
of
a
hydrolytic
enzyme
from
the
starting
point,
to
its
ending
point
in
the
lysosome.
v)
What
is
the
difference
between
smooth
and
rough
ER
both
structurally
and
functionally?
vi)
What
is
the
purpose
of
vacuoles?
vii)
Know
the
functions
and
parts
of
the
cytoskeleton.
How
does
it
help
the
other
systems
of
the
cell
to
perform
their
respective
functions?
viii)
What
is
the
purpose
of
the
ECM
and
what
types
of
proteins
interact
with
it?
Know
how
to
identify
these
proteins
in
a
diagram.
ix)
Be
able
to
distinguish
the
different
types
of
cell‐cell
junctions.
Membrane
Structure
and
Function
i)
Know
about
membrane
fluidity.
What
contributes
to
it?
ii)
What
kinds
of
proteins
are
integrated
into
the
membrane
and
what
are
the
different
functions
of
the
proteins?
Know
how
to
identify
each.
iii)
The
selective
permeability
of
the
membrane
allows
what
kind
of
molecules
to
move
through?
What
kind
cannot
move
through?
iv)
How
do
polar
molecules
move
through
the
membrane?
v)
What
is
diffusion?
What
is
osmosis?
vi)
What
is
the
difference
between
active
and
passive
transport?
vii)
Know
the
effects
that
solutions
of
varying
tonicities
will
have
on
red
blood
cells
or
plant
cells.
viii)
There
will
be
at
least
one
U‐bend
question
on
the
exam.
ix)
Know
what
kinds
of
proteins
are
involved
in
active
or
passive
transport.
Know
how
this
relates
to
facilitated
diffusion.
x)
Know
all
terms
associated
with
membrane
potential.
xi)
What
is
co‐transport?
xii)
What
is
the
difference
between
exo
and
endocytosis?
xiii)
Be
able
to
identify
the
three
different
forms
of
endocytosis.
Metabolism
Understand
the
difference
between
anabolic
and
catabolic.
What
are
the
different
forms
of
energy?
Know
the
definitions
for
each.
Know
what
the
first
two
laws
of
thermodynamics
state.
Know
the
formula
for
free
energy:
ΔG
=
ΔH
‐
TΔS
Know
what
the
different
values
of
ΔG
tell
you
in
regards
to
the
spontaneity
of
a
reaction
as
well
as
whether
or
not
that
reaction
is
anabolic/catabolic,
or
exergonic/endergonic
If
given
pictures/graphs,
know
how
to
identify
a
reaction
based
upon
the
parameters
listed
in
the
previous
point.
Know
how
coupled
reactions
(exergonic
feeding
endergonic)
work
and
know
if
the
net
coupled
reaction
would
be
classified
as
exergonic
or
endergonic
(subtracting
the
ΔG
values
for
each
reaction
from
each
other)
Know
that
one
molecule
of
ATP
has
a
ΔG
=
‐7.3
kcal/mol
What
is
an
enzyme
and
how
does
it
work?
What
does
it
bind
to?
What
factors
affect
enzymatic
activity?
Can
you
identify
optimal
conditions
on
a
graph?
Are
all
cofactors
also
coenzymes?
Are
all
coenzymes
also
cofactors?
What
is
the
difference
between
a
cofactor
and
an
inhibitor?
What
are
some
similarities
that
exist?
What
are
the
different
types
of
inhibitors,
and
how
do
they
work?
What
is
allosteric
regulation
and
how
can
it
help/hinder
enzymatic
activity?
Understand
how
feedback
inhibition
works.