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Biology Semester 1 Final Exam
Study Guide
Chapter 3: Biochemistry
1. Most of the molecules that make up living things are made from which
element? (51)
2. Name four types of functional groups.
3. How are monomer and polymer related to each other? (53)
4. How are polymer broken down?
5. What is ATP? 54
6. List the 4 macromolecules. (53)
7. List the types of carbohydrates.
8. What is the function of carbohydrates? (55)
9. Glycogen, used to store energy in the liver and muscle tissue, is an
example of which type of macromolecule? (56)
10. Amino acids are the building blocks of which macromolecule? (56)
11. How do amino acids differ from each other?60
12. How are proteins constructed from amino acids
13. Give examples of proteins in your body.
14. what is the function of proteins?
15. Describe the 3 major types of lipids and state the function of each. 59
16. Draw and label each of the macromolecules.
17. Which element is found in proteins, but not in carbohydrates and lipids?
(56)
18. Which macromolecule makes up part of cell membranes? (59)
19. An organism’s genetic information is stored in which type of
macromolecule? (60)
Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function
20. List the 3 parts of the cell . (70)
21. Explain how cell shape influence cell function. (Thinking map)
22. Identify three unique features of plant cells. (87)
23. Describe the features that distinguish prokaryotic from Eukaryotic cells.
24. Describe the features that distinguish plants from animal cells. (90)
25. List differences between the cell membrane and cell wall.
26. Name the 3 things that may be stored in a vacuole. (88)
27. Name the organelle that helps in breaking down nutrients and wastes.
28. Name the organelle responsible for packaging and distribution of
materials in the cell is the... (82)
29. Name the organelle that provide energy in form of ATP to the cell.
30. Describe the role of ribosomes in the cell. (80)
31. Describe the role of Endoplasmic Reticulum in the cell.(81)
32. Describe the role of the Nucleus in the cell. (81)
33. List the major functions of the plasma membrane. (77)
34. Review the drawing and labels for all cells and their parts. Refer to notes
or pictures in the book.
Chapter 5: Homeostasis and Cell Transport
35. What is a contractile vacuole? (99)
36. Explain how equilibrium iDefine diffusion. (97)
37. Why is drinking seawater harmful to humans? (Hint: Think about osmosis
and hypertonic solutions!) (98)
38. When would substances be likely to enter a cell through diffusion? (97)
39. (98)
40. Which way does water move during osmosis? (98)
Chapter 6: Photosynthesis
41. Which process is directly used by producers (plants) to store energy in
glucose? (113)
42. What is the equation for photosynthesis? (114)
43. In what organelle does photosynthesis occur? (114)
44. Where did the energy stored in glucose originally come from? (113)
45. During photosynthesis, _________ energy is converted into ___________
energy. (114)
46. During photosynthesis, the energy from the sun splits the water molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen. What happens to the oxygen during the
process of photosynthesis? (117)
47. Plants produce large amounts of oxygen during photosynthesis
because…(Hint: See #14). (pg. 117)
48. An acorn weighs approximately 200 grams. A full grown oak tree can
weigh almost 10 metric tons (20,000,000 grams)! How do you explain
where this extra mass comes from? (113)
49. In which organelle is a cell’s ATP energy produced? (80)
50. If plants have chloroplasts that capture energy from sunlight and store it
as chemical energy in glucose, why do they also have mitochondria? (80)
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration
51. Why is cellular respiration considered the opposite of photosynthesis?
(131-132)
52. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? (131-132)
53. Why would an athlete lose weight over time if she increased her activity
level but changed nothing else? (Hint: Cellular Respiration) (pg. 131)
Homeostasis
54. The human body ha a system for returning pH to normal levels after
exercise. This body process is called…(71)
55. If you are dehydrated, what would happen to your urine production in
order to maintain homeostasis? (993)
56. How does perspiring (sweating) help the body maintain homeostasis?
(925)
57. What is the function of the kidneys? (993)
58. What is the function of the circulatory system? (909)
59. What is the function of the digestive system? (909)
60. Microbes that enter the body, causing disease, are known as…(957)
Ecology
Ch. 18 - Ecology
1. List several biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem. Page 363
2. The maintenance of a self-sustaining ecosystem requires what? Page 362
3. Define producers. Page 366
4. In going from one trophic level to the next, what happens to the energy
available? Does it increase or decrease? Page 369
5. Name the parts of the water cycle. Page 371
6. If hawks were to hunt snakes to near extinction, what would happen to the
rest of the ecosystem? Think about the prey population (mice that snakes
usually eat) and the predator population (hawks).
7. What is a decomposer? Give 2 examples.
8. What is a biogeochemical cycle? List the four cycles briefly and describe
each one. Pages371-374
9. If lots of hot water were dumped into a lake, what would happen to the
amount of oxygen available to the fish? Hint: Hint removes the amount of
oxygen from water.
10. How much of the total energy is transferred from one energy level to the
next in an energy pyramid? page 369
11. The producers in an ecosystem produce 25,000,000 kilocalories per year.
How much energy is most likely available to the organisms in Level 2 of the
pyramid? Remember that only 10% of the energy is passed on to each level.
Page 366
12. How many levels can there be in an energy pyramid? Why?
13. What is a consumer? Give three examples. Page 367
14. What’s the difference between a food chain and a food web? Draw an
example of each. Page 368
Ch. 20 - Community Interactions
1. Define Succession. Page 408
2. Explain secondary succession. Give an example. Page 408
Ch. 22 - Humans Impact on Environment
1. How have the activities of people accelerated (sped up) extinction? Page
442
2. How has human pollution impacted the ozone layer? Page 440
3. Are habitat destruction, hunting, and extinction all caused by human
activity? Explain. Page 442
4. The pesticide DDT accumulates in the fatty tissue of animals and is
transferred along food chains. DDT’s concentration (amount) increases as
the food chain increases. This is called biological magnification. What
organism in the food chain would receive the highest concentration of
DDT? Producers, Primary Consumers, Herbivores or a Top Predator?