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Name__Alexus Moore________________________________
Date______11/3/16________________________
The Study of Human Disease: Quiz #2
The following questions are free response. Answer each in 1-2 sentences.
1. Take in consideration heart disease, the #1 cause of death in the United States
that claims 600,000 lives each year (10pts).
a. What unhealthy behaviors culminate in this annual mortality?
b. Explain why the burden due to heart disease is expected to rise in the
upcoming decades.
2. In the United States asthma cases have increased by more than 60% since the
early 1980s and asthma-related deaths have doubled in the same time span
(10pts).
a. Speculate as to why there has been a notable increase in asthma
incidence.
b. Knowing what sort of antigens can trigger an asthma attack, propose 3
community level changes that can be made to reduce the incidents of
asthma attacks or asthma-related deaths.
3. Name 3 characteristics of influenza that are not true of the common cold (5pts)?
Three characteristics of influenza that are not true of the common cold are fever,
chills, and muscular pains.
4. Many say that everyday our epiglottis saves our lives over hundreds of times. How
(5pts)? The epiglottis saves our lives by preventing non-gases from entering
5. Cystic Fibrosis is a hereditary condition that causes great detriment to those
affected. Knowing that the gene for the condition is autosomal recessive, what
are the chances that the child will have the condition if their mother is a carrier
and the father is homozygous dominant (10pts)? There is a 50% chance that he or
she will be homozygous dominant and a 50% chance that he or she will be
heterozygous dominant thus there is no possibility to be affected by cystic fibrosis.
6. Tobacco use, primarily the use of filtered cigarettes, in the #1 preventable cause
of death in the US. A goal of federal campaign “Healthy People 2020” is to
reduce the prevalence of smoking from 20% to 12% (20pts).
a. If we succeed in reducing rates of smoking, what diseases would we see a
lower incidence and mortality from?
b. In order to reduce the health impact of smoking, many advocate for the
use of alternative products such as electronic cigarettes. What is the
premise behind how these products work?
c. In theory, why would national acceptance of these products reduce
burden to smoking-related illness?
d. What are the pros and cons of national acceptance of these alternative
products?
7. List the function(s) of the following organs of the Gastrointestinal System (10pts).
a. Mouth – Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily
digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it
down into a form your body can absorb and use.
b. Esophagus – the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you
swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions then esophagus
delivers food to your stomach.
c. Stomach – The stomach is a hollow organ, that holds food while it is being
mixed with enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food into
a usable form. Cells in the lining of the stomach secrete a strong acid and
powerful enzyme that are responsible for the breakdown process. When
the contents of the stomach are sufficiently processed, they are released
into the small intestine
d. Small Intestines – the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that
breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from
the liver.
e. Large Intestines – is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food
matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body
f. Liver – The liver has multiple functions, but its main function within the
digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small
intestine.
g. Pancreas – The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum,
the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein,
fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it
directly into the bloodstream.
h. Gallbladder- The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then
releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
i. Salivary Glands- produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts
of the digestive system moist. It also helps break down carbohydrates and
lubricates the passage of food down from the oro-pharynx to the
esophagus to the stomach.
j. Rectum- is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is
the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know
that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation
happens.
8. Frederick is 69 years old, drinks regularly, smokes daily, is overweight, and inactive.
What GI conditions is he at risk for developing (5pts)? Frederick is a risk for
developing irritable bowel syndrome, acid reflux, stomach ulcer, peptic ulcers
and gallstone pancreatitis.
9. What GI conditions often result in bloody stool (5pts)? Peptic Ulcers often result in
bloody stool.
10. What is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis (5pts)? Long term alcohol abuse
is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis.
11. Dialysis is medical procedure used why someone has either acute or chronic
renal failure (10pts).
a. What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure? Diabetes is the
most common cause of chronic renal failure.
b. Why can someone remain healthy after donating a kidney? Because you
have two kidneys when you really only need one to survive.
12. What causes kidney stones (5pts)? Kidney stones form when your urine contains
more crystal-forming substances such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid than the
fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack substances
that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for
kidney stones to form.