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Transcript
Animal Science 434 Reproductive Physiology Lecture 6 and 7: Endocrinology What is the function of the endocrine system? Integration of Body Functions • nervous and endocrine systems are similar • nervous system » seconds » minutes and hours • endocrine system Manipulation of the Endocrine System Neuro-endocrine Response Endocrine Gland • Hormones can be used to regulate body functions » growth (anabolic steroids) » lactation (GH or STH) » birth control (Estradiol, Progesterone) » estrous cycle (PGF2α) » superovulation and embryo transplant (FSH,eCG) » parturition (oxytocin) • A ductless gland • Secretes substances (hormones) into blood or lymph that affect cells elsewhere in the body • The secretion does not involve loss of tissue Exocrine Gland Hormone • A gland with ducts that are used for • Substance produced by endocrine gland • Acts on cells, tissues or organs at a place secretion other than where produced • Acts as a catalyst. Classification and Properties of Hormone Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus Pineal Adrenal A. Site of Production B. Type of action Ovary Uterus Pituitary Placenta Testes (in bull) Thyroid 1. Primary hormone of reproduction 2. Metabolic hormone C. Chemical Structure 1. General structure – – – – Proteins and polypeptides Steroids Fatty acids Modified amino acid 2. Size Pancreas Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1. Primary hormone of reproduction 2. Metabolic hormone C. Chemical Structure 1. General structure – – – – Proteins and polypeptides Steroids Fatty acids Modified amino acid 2. Size Location of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Function of Hypothalamus Hypothalamus • • • • • • • • • • Releasing Hormones of the Hypothalamus Releasing Hormones of the Hypothalamus A. B. • • appetite thirst body temperature vasomotor activity emotion use of body nutrient reserves activity of intestine sleep sexual behavior Production and release of releasing hormones C.Hormones • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Structure »LH, FSH release short chain polypeptides (3 - 44 amino acids) • Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) »TSH General Function and prolactin release • Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) to cause the release of trophic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland »ACTH release • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH) • Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) Hypothalamus Preoptic nuclei cell Hypothalamus Nerve Cells Superior hypophyseal artery Capillary plexus Hypophyseal portal vessels Cells of the Anterior Pituitary • • • • • • LH FSH Prolactin STH TSH ACTH Posterior pituitary Capillary plexus Anterior Pituitary Hormones A. Structure 1. glycoproteins or proteins B. Hormones 1. gonadotropins Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland » Follicle stimulating hormone » Luteinizing hormone (LH) » Prolactin Anterior Pituitary Hormones Structure of LH, FSH and TSH 2.Other trophic hormones • • • (FSH) • Adrenal Corticotropin (ACTH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH or STH) Made of 2 amino acid chains α S S β • • Hypothalamus Supraoptic nuclei cell Nerve Cells α chains are the same β chains differ and give specificity Hypothalamus Paraventricular nuclei cell Capillary plexus Anterior Pituitary Posterior pituitary • Oxytocin • ADH Nuclei that produce posterior pituitary hormones Posterior Pituitary Hormones Placental Hormones A.Structure • • Equine polypeptides (9 amino acids) » B.Hormone • Oxytocin - contraction of smooth muscle Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Formation of accessory CL and maintains pregnancy • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) » Maintains primate CL and pregnancy » Development of the mammary gland in the mother • Placental • Steroids Lactogen (PL) - Estrogen and Progesterone Gonadal Polypeptide Hormones • Gonadal Steroids Relaxin A. General » Secreted by CL during pregnancy. » » » Parturition • Inhibin Origin - ovary, testis, adrenal Structure » Inhibits FSH release Steroid Cholesterol 27-C Synthesis Steroid Cholesterol 27-C Synthesis Pregnenolone 21-C OH Estradiol Pregnenolone Side Chain Cleavage 21-C OH Estradiol 18-C 18-C HO HO 19-C 19-C 21-C 21-C Progesterone Testosterone Progesterone Testosterone Gonadal Steroids Cont. Steroid Cholesterol Synthesis A. General Cont. » Mitochondria Solubility – Pregnenolone Bound to a binding protein for transport B. Type of Steroids » » » Androgens - Testosterone OH Estradiol Estrogen - Estradiol Progestin - Progesterone Smooth ER HO Progesterone Testosterone Other Hormones Phospholipids Prostaglandins PLA2 •Many tissues •Local effects •Degraded in lung A. Prostaglandins 1. PGF2α 2. PGE2α COOH PGG2 Arachidonic Acid Cyclo-oxygenase Inhibited by aspirin COOH o o OOH COOH PGH2 o o OH O OH PGE2 OH Phospholipids Arachidonic Acid Cyclo-oxygenase COOH o PGG2 o O OH •Vasoconstriction •CL regression •Ovulation •Parturition •Sperm transport COOH PGH2 o o OH PGE2 OH PGF2 OH OH COOH COOH OH OH OH COOH B. Melatonin 1. Secreted from the pineal gland. 2. Is a modified amino acid 3. Functions to integrate effects of light on reproductive processes. OOH •Vasodilation •Maintain CL •Ovulation •Implantation PGF2 Other Hormones PLA2 COOH OH COOH Other Hormones C. Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG) 1. Anterior pituitary gland » Secreted in menopause, FSH-like activity » Isolated from urine a. Perganol - superovulation Classification and Properties of Hormone A. Site of Production B. Type of action 1.Primary hormone of reproduction (FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone) 2.Metabolic hormone (thyroxin, insulin, STH) Classification and Properties of Hormone • Chemical Structure » Polypeptides - hypothalamic » Protein - pituitary, gonad » Steroids - gonad, adrenal » Fatty acid - many sources, prostaglandins » Modified amino acid - pineal Chemical Structure of Hormones Chemical Structure of Hormones polypeptide modified amino acid GnRh melatonin TRH CRH GHRH Somatistatin Oxytocin protein sex steroid fatty acid LH Estradiol PGF2α FSH Progesterone Prolactin Testosterone ACTH TSH GH or STH Relaxin Inhibin Chemical Structure of Hormones Cont. Molecular size of hormones that regulate reproduction Hormone FSH LH Prolactin HCG eCG Inhibin Relaxin ACTH Oxytocin GnRH Estradiol Testosterone Progesterone PGF 2α Molecular Weight 30,000 to 37,000 26,000 to 32,000 23,000 to 25,000 37,700 28,000 >10,000 6,500 4,500 1,007 1,200 300 300 300 300 Polypeptide and protein hormones are made of peptide bonds N H3 R CH C O HC R HN O Peptide Bond C NH R CH COO- These hormones can not be given orally! Chemical Structure of Hormones Cont. Steroids CHOLESTEROL PREGNENOLONE ADRENAL OVARY OR TESTES CORTISOL PROGESTERONE PROGESTERONE 17! OH-PROGESTERONE CORTISOL ANDROSTEINDIONE TESTOSTERONE ESTRONE ESTRADIOL These hormones can be given orally! Mechanism of Hormone Action