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B6  Hormones
B.6.1  Outline the production and function of hormones in the body.
[Hormones are chemical messengers. They are secreted directly into the blood by endocrine glands.
Examples include ADH, aldosterone, estrogen(oestradiol), progesterone and testosterone, insulin,
epinephrine (adrenaline) and thyroxine.]
Thyroxine
Adrenaline(epinephrine)
Hormone
*Thyroxine
- iodine containing amino
acid)
Produced Where?
- Thyroid gland, located in the
neck
Function
- regulates metabolism
*Adrenaline(epinephrine)
- stimulant related to
amphetamine
*Testosterone
(male sex hormone)
*Progesterone/Estradiol
(female sex hormones)
*Aldosterone
- Adrenal glands which rest on
top of both kidneys
- stimulates muscle activity and ‘fight or
flight’ responses
- testes
- control male sex characteristics
- ovaries
- control female sex characteristics
- adrenal glands
- control level of Na+ and K+ in blood
- pancreas
- signals cells to increase uptake glucose
from the blood
*ADH
*Insulin
B.6.2  Compare the structure of cholesterol and the sex hormones.
[Stress the common steroid backbone but the difference in functional groups.]
Male sex hormones
Testosterone
Andosterone
Female sex hormones
Cholesterol
Progesterone
Estradiol
B.6.3  Describe the mode of action of oral contraceptives. (Aim 8)
http://www.arhp.org/hormonalcontraception/
*Oral contraceptives (i.e. birth control pills)
 contain a synthetic hormone that mimics the action of the hormone progesterone
 Progesterone prevents ovulation (i.e. the release of an egg/ovum from the ovaries)
 Without ovulation there is no egg to be fertilized and pregnancy cannot occur.
Without progesterone:
1. FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) and LH(luteinizing hormone) released from pituitary gland in the
brain
2. FSH and LH stimulate ovulation (i.e. the release of an egg/ovum from the ovaries)
*Progesterone inhibits release of FSH and LH from pituitary gland in the brain.
(Progesterone = no FSH/LH = no ovulation = no egg = no pregnancy)
B.6.4  Outline the use and abuse of steroids. (Aim 8)
http://menshealth.about.com/cs/fitness/a/anab_steroids.htm
*Anabolic steroids:
- similar structure to testosterone
- developed in the 1930s to promote the growth of muscles and to develop male sexual characteristics
Uses
MEDICINAL USES
*May be used to treat:
- delayed puberty
- some types of impotence
- some types of anemia
- osteoporosis
- muscle degeneration (i.e. given to
someone to build muscle after/during
long periods of inactivity due to
serious illness (e.g HIV)
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
Abuses
*Taken to ENHANCE
ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE …because of their ability to increase
muscle mass and decrease body fat
- taken orally, by injection, or in
creams or gels
- detected by random urine tests
- believed to be widely abused in
competitive bodybuilding /
weightlifting
Potential Side-Effects
- liver damage/cancer
- cardiovascular damage (e.g.
high blood pressure,
cholesterol issues, structural
changes to heart, stroke)
- Male reproductive system
issues (e.g. erectile
dysfunction, impotence, growth
of the breasts, shrinkage of
testicles