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B6 Hormones B.6.1 Outline the production and function of hormones in the body. [Hormones are chemical messengers. They are secreted directly into the blood by endocrine glands. Examples include ADH, aldosterone, estrogen(oestradiol), progesterone and testosterone, insulin, epinephrine (adrenaline) and thyroxine.] Thyroxine Adrenaline(epinephrine) Hormone *Thyroxine - iodine containing amino acid) Produced Where? - Thyroid gland, located in the neck Function - regulates metabolism *Adrenaline(epinephrine) - stimulant related to amphetamine *Testosterone (male sex hormone) *Progesterone/Estradiol (female sex hormones) *Aldosterone - Adrenal glands which rest on top of both kidneys - stimulates muscle activity and ‘fight or flight’ responses - testes - control male sex characteristics - ovaries - control female sex characteristics - adrenal glands - control level of Na+ and K+ in blood - pancreas - signals cells to increase uptake glucose from the blood *ADH *Insulin B.6.2 Compare the structure of cholesterol and the sex hormones. [Stress the common steroid backbone but the difference in functional groups.] Male sex hormones Testosterone Andosterone Female sex hormones Cholesterol Progesterone Estradiol B.6.3 Describe the mode of action of oral contraceptives. (Aim 8) http://www.arhp.org/hormonalcontraception/ *Oral contraceptives (i.e. birth control pills) contain a synthetic hormone that mimics the action of the hormone progesterone Progesterone prevents ovulation (i.e. the release of an egg/ovum from the ovaries) Without ovulation there is no egg to be fertilized and pregnancy cannot occur. Without progesterone: 1. FSH(follicle stimulating hormone) and LH(luteinizing hormone) released from pituitary gland in the brain 2. FSH and LH stimulate ovulation (i.e. the release of an egg/ovum from the ovaries) *Progesterone inhibits release of FSH and LH from pituitary gland in the brain. (Progesterone = no FSH/LH = no ovulation = no egg = no pregnancy) B.6.4 Outline the use and abuse of steroids. (Aim 8) http://menshealth.about.com/cs/fitness/a/anab_steroids.htm *Anabolic steroids: - similar structure to testosterone - developed in the 1930s to promote the growth of muscles and to develop male sexual characteristics Uses MEDICINAL USES *May be used to treat: - delayed puberty - some types of impotence - some types of anemia - osteoporosis - muscle degeneration (i.e. given to someone to build muscle after/during long periods of inactivity due to serious illness (e.g HIV) ANABOLIC STEROIDS Abuses *Taken to ENHANCE ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE …because of their ability to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat - taken orally, by injection, or in creams or gels - detected by random urine tests - believed to be widely abused in competitive bodybuilding / weightlifting Potential Side-Effects - liver damage/cancer - cardiovascular damage (e.g. high blood pressure, cholesterol issues, structural changes to heart, stroke) - Male reproductive system issues (e.g. erectile dysfunction, impotence, growth of the breasts, shrinkage of testicles