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Adaptation Strategy and Mitigation of Biological Resources Management of Local People in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve on Climate Change By Purity Sabila Ajiningrum 2012 MAB Young Scientists Award Winner MAB Young Scientist Award Research Report 2013 (October 2013) 1 FINAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT Project Title: Adaptation Strategy and Mitigation of Biological Resources Management of Local People in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve on Climate Change By Purity Sabila Ajiningrum Indonesia October 2013 2 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Climate change is a global phenomenon characterized by rising temperatures and changing rainfall amount and distribution. Temperature changes have broad implications on various aspects of socio-economic life of society and ecology. Due to changes in temperature, it has a direct impact on preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, food production, water supply, the spread of pests and plant diseases also the spread of human disease vectors etc. Temperature changes are caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere caused by burning or using fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), industrial sector, transportation, land use activities (land use change) and deforestation. Climate change will threaten Indonesia's efforts to achieve MDGs. According to the UNDP report (Moediarta, 2007), the potential impact of climate change on Indonesia's efforts to combat extreme poverty and hunger due to climate change will destroy the forests, wildlife populations, grassland, and land farming that relied upon by the poor as a source of income. Poverty is naturally a frightening specter of a nation and civilization. The results of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) study in 2007 showed that since 1850 there were 12 warmest years based on instrumental record of global surface temperature. Eleven out of the twelve warmest years occurred in the last 12 years. Total temperature increase 0.76oC from 1850-1899 to 2001-2005. Sea level and the global average have risen by an average rate of 1.8 mm per year in the period between 1961 and 2003. Total rise in sea level that was recorded in the 20th century is estimated to 0.17 m. The report also stated that human activity contributes to global warming since the mid-20th century. Global warming will continue to increase by higher acceleration in the 21st century if nothing is done to reduce it (KMNLH, 2007). The resulting global warming and climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme climate. IPCC states that global warming could also lead to significant changes in physical and biological systems. If there is no systematic and integrated effort from now on to increase resilience to climate change and the improvement of local and global environmental conditions, the impact caused by the presence of climate variability in the future will be even greater and more difficult. It will influence on achieving sustainable development systems. 3 Therefore, it is necessary for a fundamental change in development planning. Problem of climate variability today and the next should be used as one important variable in determining the basics of national planning development of short, medium and long term as well. Tackling climate change requires effective management of climate variability, and at the same time, anticipating its impact of long-term global climate change comprehensively. On the other hand, it requires cross-sectoral approach at national, regional and local levels. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to reduce the risk of dangerous climate change by increasing robustness of system in the community. Adaptation strategy is an action of natural and social systems adjustment to face the negative impacts of climate change, but those efforts will be difficult to effectively benefit if the rate exceeds the ability to adapt to climate change. Therefore, adaptation strategies must be offset by "mitigation strategy", namely to reduce the sources and increasing sinks of greenhouse gases, so that the development process is not impeded and sustainable development objectives can be achieved. Thus, future generations are not burdened more heavily by the threat of climate change in the continuing process of further development. Adaptation strategies are developed by making efforts "adjustment technology" used in the industrial, transportation and agriculture and forest conservation and protection efforts in order to prevent the loss of carbon stocks contained in the biomass of forest vegetation. Adaptation strategy is a living being that leads efforts in the preparation or adaptation to the impacts of climate change or variation of the season. Climate change is a global phenomenon that is characterized by rising temperatures and changing rainfall amount and distribution. Temperature changes have broad implications on various aspects of socio-economic life of society and ecology. Due to changes in temperature, it has a direct impact on the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, food production, water supply, the spread of pests and plant diseases and the spread of human disease vectors etc. Temperature changes are caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere caused by burning or the use of fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal); by industrial sector, transportation and land use activities (land use change ) and by deforestation. Climate change will threaten Indonesia's efforts to achieve MDGs. According to the UNDP report (Moediarta, 2007) the potential impact of climate change on Indonesia's efforts to combat extreme poverty and hunger due to climate change will destroy the forests, wildlife 4 populations, grassland and land farming that relied upon by the poor as a source of income. Poverty is naturally a frightening specter of a nation and civilization. 1.2. Research problem Indonesia’s area has specific characteristics with geo-morphological patterns, biological, and social distinctive which leads to extremely sensitive to climate change. The unique characteristic of the Indonesia archipelago area as terrestrial ecosystems, coastal ecosystems, island ecosystems and marine ecosystems and a wealth of high biodiversity are vulnerable to climatic variables changes, including extreme weather and climate, rising sea levels and high content of atmospheric carbon. Social conditions of the most people of Indonesia are living in rural areas and highly dependent on the services of natural biological resources to meet their needs through agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Besides that, the community residential system is largely located on the coastal belt and plains area leads Indonesia to the precarious position in the face of climate change. Another issue in the era of economic development in Indonesia has led to social changes that took part complicates the lives of people at this time, mainly due to development financing model through depletion of natural resources and forest wealth. Economic development activities that rely on the exploitation of natural resources lead to Indonesia as one of contributors to carbon emissions through changes in land use and land economic activities particularly in forestry and agriculture. Excessive activities of forest exploitation and forest conversion into plantation areas and the other activities of illegal exploitation have closely relationship to the deterioration of environmental quality in rural areas in the modalities of economic expansion. Illegal activities of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve such as appropriation of the biosphere reserve’s core area have been crucial issues about preservation of biosphere reserve's core area. The results of observations made by RAN (2002) showed that generally, the whole of Indonesia will experience a temperature rise at a rate lower than the subtropical region. For example, Jakarta has undergone a change in the temperature rate of 1.42 ° C every hundred years for July, and 1.04oC on January. The southern region of Indonesia will decline in rainfall while the northern region will experience an increased rainfall. Some researchs conducted at several locations showed that, sea level rise in Indonesia has reached 8 mm per year. If Indonesia does not take action for greenhouse gas emission reductions, the rise in sea level can reach 60 cm in 2070 (ADB, 1994). In the past four decades, the dangers and disasters that are closely related to 5 climate such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides and forest fires have caused much loss of human lives and livelihoods, the destruction of economic and social infrastructure also environmental damage. According to Sivakumar (2005), the frequency and intensity of hazardrelated climate disasters in many parts of the world's are increasing. Floods and wind-storms resulted in 70% of the total disaster and the remaining 30% due to drought, landslides, wildfires, heat waves and others. Based on data from Bappenas and Bakornas PB (2006), in Indonesia, within a period of 2 years (2003-2005) only 1,429 events have been related to climate disasters, while approximately 53.3% of disaster is related to the hydro-meteorology. Floods are the most common disaster, is about 34%, followed by a landslide 16% of all natural disasters. Trenberth and Hoar (1996) stated that global warming will cause droughts and extreme rainfall are more severe, which will cause of greater risk of climate catastrophic. Report of United Nations Office for Humanitarian Affairs of the Coordination (2006) indicates that Indonesia is one of the countries vulnerable to related climate disasters. Decrease and increase in rainfall has caused significant impact on water reserves. In the years El-Nino events, the volume of water in water reservoirs decreased significantly (far below normal), especially during the dry season (June-September). Many power plants produce power well below normal in those years. Data from eight dams (four small reservoirs and four large reservoirs in Java) showed that during the years El-Nino events of 1994, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006 most of the power plants operated in the 8 reservoir is below the capacity of producing electricity normally (KNLH, 2007). Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, in the dry season period of 2002 has led to decline in rice yield by 40-49%. Deterioration in rice yields by 49% for harvest once every 3 years (higher frequency ENSO), whereas an increase in production every 4 years only reached 2.1%. Drought of 2002 has also led to decrease in the yield of 24% cocoa in the buffer zone of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve (STORMA, 2009). In Indonesia, the increasing rainfall above normal that occurred particularly in the years La-Nina (wet year) have resulted in flooding in many places. Changes in behavior of variable climatic are caused a variety of irregularities and natural disasters required an adaptation and mitigation strategies are new to be able to reduce the influence caused. Indonesian society which largely rely on natural resources in life requires some adaptation and mitigation strategies of the 6 management of natural resources and environment to climate change will be much reduced risk of failure, more profitable and sustainable. 1.3. Objective This research has goals and objectives as follows: 1) Revealing local knowledge, production activities and adaptation strategies developed by local communities in the management of biological resources for life. 2) Revealing local knowledge and behavior change of climatic variables based on climatic elements and weather data (source data: regional Climatology and Geophyisic Stasion and the effects caused to the biophysical aspects, production activities and production. 3) Developing adaptation and mitigation strategy of local communities towards a new climate change in the sustainable management of natural resources. 4) Increasing local community awareness about the importance of adaptation and mitigation strategies against the threat of climate change in the management of biological resources. 5) Developing natural resources management (production activity) that is able to face or can be adapted to changing environmental conditions or the ecosystem due to changes in extreme climatic variables. Capability and the successful management of biological resources (production activities) as part of efforts to reduce poverty in the region. 1.4. Target 1) Knowing and analyzing various informations about the effects of climate change on: (a) the diversity of natural resources and its environment; (b) local knowledge about natural resources and environment and (c) the development of adaptation strategies and mitigation of climate change developed by local communities in managing natural resources. 2) Learning in detail the climate change or seasonal variations as a basis for management of biological resources and environment in a sustainable manner. 3) Understanding in detail the social, economic and cultural of local community, especially the dependence of society to natural resources services and local technology in production activities and products as a precaution against climate change. 7 4) Gaining adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change in order to manage diversity of biological resources in a sustainable manner. 5) Increasing capacity and awareness of local society on the basic conception of climate change, learning impacts of climate change on biological diversity and environment, and creating adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change. Capability of biological resources management (production activities) is an important resolution to reduce poverty. 6) A common understanding of its stakeholders on the effects of climate change and its implications for regional development based on data obtained from this study. 8 2.0. RESEARCH METHOD 2.1. Study Site The study is conducted in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, Central Sulawesi which represents an area of terrestrial ecosystems to the plains to the mountainous region ecosystem. This area is selected as study site to represent the study of adaptation and mitigation strategies of local communities to climate change in the management of biological resources Figure 1. Study site map on Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve (Source: Periodic review of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, 2012). The site selection has several reasons as follow: (a) The area of ecological aspects represents different types of ecosystems that this region represents the terrestrial area of lowland to highland. The selection of this region expected to represent different types of ecosystems from the effects of climate change; (b) The different types of ecosystems in the region can provide data that is more varied picture of local knowledge regarding the management of natural resources, production activities and community adaptation strategies in the face of climate change in the region; 9 (c) The choice of location in this biosphere reserve is very appropriate and in accordance with one of the reserve roles is to be able to cope with climate change such as that contained in the Madrid Action Plan 2008. Moreover, biosphere reserves linkage with climate change issues in accordance with the theme of the MAB ICC meetings in Dresden to 23 June 2011: “The biosphere reserves and climate change, for life and for the future” and the Indonesian delegation was one of the speakers at the meeting; and (d) The community in the study area is mostly farming communities living around the forest area (Lore Lindu) who depend on its natural resources and this area is most vulnerable to climate change. Elements of extreme climate change will affect people's lives by declining in production and can even lead to crop failure. Declining or failure in getting the production activity is closely associated with poverty. Mixed data can provide a clearer picture of local conditions, production activities, production activities and the results of biophysical conditions, so we will be able to analyze the relationship between the effects of climate change in the region with production activities and adaptation and mitigation strategies that will be developed in the region. This study attempts to look at changes in the system of knowledge and adaptation strategies in managing the diversity of biological resources and the environment in the context of climate change. This research will be observed and analyzed on a production system developed at the study site and climate changes that occurred in the region since about 50 years ago (adjusted to the availability of climatology data in the study site) and based on local knowledge of the changing characteristics of the seasons in the region. The study also wants to identify changes in its ecosystem based on the chronology of the history of ecology so that it can be seen from the test site and the changes that took place during a certain period at the sites. Data collection is obtained by some stages as follows: (1) The collection of detailed data on the actual condition of the study sites ecosystem by using standard methods in ecological research and ethnoecology. (2) Data collection of changes in ecosystems is obtained by analyzing the changes that have been occured at the ecosystem level based on the map of remote sensing. (3) The collection of data of local knowledge and behaviour of variable climatic change are based on climatic elements and weather data (source data: Climatology and Geo-physics 10 Stasion in the study area) and its impact to the biophysical aspects, production activities and products. (4) Data collection of biological diversity (biodiversity) and ethnobiology is aimed to find out a wealth of biodiversity and local knowledge in managing biological resources. It is obtained by using direct observation in the field, exploratory methods and standard methods of plant ecology and ethnobiology research (qualitative and quantitative data). 2.2. Development technique of research instrument Table 1. Development Technique of Research Instrument Concept/Aspect Adaptation Variable Culture Economy Production Mitigation Sustainable best practices Biodiversity management Indicator - Local knowledge on climate change related to biological resources development - Local community knowledge on management activities of biological resources - Technology of local community on biological resources management and their environment - Local species of biological resources which have potency and economic value - Increasing added value in production system - Production activities based on biological resources - Technique of local production - Agroforestry - Multiple cropping - Organic agriculture - Agriculture - Plantation - Extractivism activities Source of data Primary Primary and secondary Primer Primary and secondary Primary and secondary 11 2.3. Sampling technique and collecting data Data collection are obtained by some stages as follows: (1) Local knowledge and behaviour change variable-climatic variables based on the data elements of climatic and weather (Data source: Climatology and Geophysics stations in the study area) and its impact to biophysical aspects, production and production activities (2) Data collection of biological diversity (biodiversity) and its usefulness in the research area is obtained by using direct observation, exploratory methods, methods of vegetation ecology standards in ethnobiological research (qualitative and quantitative data). (3) Collection of common plants and important plants is carried out to determine important types from perspective of community and then, it is calculated by "ICS" formula (Index of Significant Cultural) as follows: Calculating Cultural Values Index uses the following formula: n ICS = Σ (q x i x e)ni i=1 If a plant species has its uses more than once, then the calculation formula developed is as follows: n ICS = Σ (q1 x i1 x e1)n1 + (q2 x i2 x e2)n2 + ……… + (qn x in x en)nn i=1 Where, • ICS = Index of cultural significance, the equation of value to a number of plant species from 1 to usability to n, where n indicates the usefulness final of plant species, while the letter i show up to a value of 1 to n, respectively. • The letter symbols q = quality of value, as an example: giving value = 5 is given in the main foodstuffs; 4 = food additives and the main ingredient (primary + secondary food material), 3 = other foods + secondary materials and material supplies drugs (others food + medicine + 12 secondary materials); 2 = all plants used for ritual, myth, recreation, etc., and the value 1 = only known utility alone (mere recognition). • Symbol i = intensity of value. For example, the value 5 = very high intensity use, 4 = moderately high intensity use; grades 3 = medium intensity use; grades 2 = low intensity use, and 1 = minimal use intensity. • Symbol letter e = exclusivity value, for example, score 2 = describes the most preferred option (preferred choice); 1 = indicates that the use of some types of the same or there is a possibility that one or several types of same utilization (one of several or many possible source), and 0.2 = secondary resources (secondary source). Categorization of data quantifying the calculation of ethnobotany in detail can be seen in the papers of Purwanto (2002). (4) Data collection of social, economic, cultural is more stressed on the aspect of the application of technology in the production process and management activity of biological resources. Data collection is gathered by using Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) on the selected resource. FGDs are conducted to representatives of 14 farmer groups which are coordinated by PPL in the North Lore District and in the village of Toro (Ngata Toro) in collaboration with the District Kulawi Toro Indigenous Peoples. FGD is focussed to discuss production activities, changes related to biophysical conditions in the region due to climate change, sources of income and expenditure, details about their livelihoods, the role and effectiveness in the context of their institution. Some questions and discussions intended to capture their preferences based on their actual behaviour. In this case, the researchers help to validate the information and also help to identify the prospective informans, for gaining profound information and policies. Furthermore, it also helps to obtain historical data and provides information about disorder and ecosystems in the past, trigger, intervention and consequences. Broadly speaking, the logic of research methods applied in this study are used to identify climate change and the effects caused by direct observation in the field, climatology data collection, knowledge data of community and supported by literature data. Further data collection on production activities undertaken by community (praxis) following the results of 13 production activities, observations are preferred in applications of technology or the way in the production process. Production activity is observed not only about farming activity (Lore Lindu), but also activities about forest extractivism and other natural resources utilized. Hence, further analysis is the effect of climate change on production activities. For example, STORMA study (2009) on the effects of drought in 2002 has resulted in deterioration in rice production fell to 49% and coffee production fell by 24%. The influences of climate change are a very real impact on the ecosystem and affect production activities and results. The effect influences on the results of production activities and is closely associated with socio-economic conditions, especially poverty. The next step is to construct new adaptation strategies of biological resource management (production activity) that address the elements of climate change. By developing adaptation strategies, declining production activity can be directly reduced to ensure common good sustainably. 14 3.0. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Physical characterictics 1. Biogeographical region Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is geographically situated between 119o 90’ – 120o 16’ East Longitudinal and 1o 8’-1o 3’ South-Latitude. Administratively, Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is located in five regencies, which are Sigi, Poso, Parigi Moutong, Donggala and Kota Palu, Central Sulawesi Province. Core area of the Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is Lore Lindu National Park. Lore Lindu National Park comprises an area of 231,000 ha in Central Sulawesi Province. i. Topography of the region Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is located in 200-2610 meters above sea level. A major part of core area (Lore Lindu National Park) lies at an altitude of more than 1,000 meters with Mount Nokilalaki (2,355 m) as the highest mountain. Its neighbour in the same out crop-mount Rorekatimbu is slightly (2,610 m) but its summit lies just beyond the core area border. Napu Valley area included in the districts of North Lore, Poso regency, has an area of approximately 4,500 km². Napu Valley area lies at an altitude of between 1,100 m to 1,400 m above sea level and surrounded by mountains Lore. Napu valley is north and adjacent to Lore Lindu National Park area. To reach the Valley Napu can use cars from Palu to Wuasa (150 miles) and takes between 4-5 hours. Ngata Toro located in the geographic position of approximately 120o 1 'BT - BT 120o 3'30'' and 29'30'' 1o LS - 1o 32' LS. Ngata Toro region has an area of approximately ± 229.5 km2 (22,950 ha) and lies at an average altitude of 800 m above sea level. Ngata Toro region has a topography including mountains into categories, where settlements and agriculture are generally concentrated in the valleys and slopes are surrounded by mountains: Kalabui, Kaumuku, Toworo, onco, Tawaeli, Topolo, Potaka Jara, and Powibia (see Figure 1). 15 ii. Climate This area has a tropical climate with average rainfall in northern parts between 2000 3000 mm per year and the southern part of the region between 3000 - 4000 mm per year. The temperature ranges between 22° - 34° C, while in the Valley Napu, temperatures ranging between 18° C - 30° C. Figure 2 shows the study area in the Valley Napu has climate type D1 means the region has a wet month or heavy rainfall > 200 mm per month for 3-4 months and has a dry month with rainfall less than 100 mm per month less than 2 months. The amount of annual rainfall is between 2000-2500 mm. Figure 2. Map of precipitation and climatic type in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve Area (Sources: TNC and Lore Lindu National Park) Observations of climatic elements are not only based on observational data from the station Climatology or Meteorology and Geophysics Agency, but also based on observations made by public through extreme events they have ever been experienced. In general, a group of people had no written records about the extreme events. The results of interviews with people and FGDs to farmers in the study area stated that there had been a long drought in 2000 and 2004 and result in huge losses in farming. 16 Society concludes an indication that the losses caused by the drought reduce the supply to > 20%, yield coffee declined by about 27% and grain yield decreased by more than 40%. When we see the climatological data recorded in the region, showed that in 2000 and 2004, there has been long dry months between May and October in 2000 (rainfall monthly average of less than 100 mm). Similarly to the 2004 data, it was noted that the number of the lowest rainfall occurred in mid-July until November (see Figure 3). Precipitation (mm) Year Figure 3. Precipitation Data 1999-2008 Rainfall data from the years 1998 - 2008 in Poso BMG station showed that rainfall from year to year have irregular patterns. For example, in the dry season from June to October, but in fact, there is also the most wet years that have monthly rainfall of over 150 mm. Changes of this character are causing the climate to change, then it was affected cropping patterns and planting time in developing a farming system, especially for rice. A strategy of local communities to face the climate change in behaviour of these elements is discussed in a special section in this report on local adaptation strategies in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve. 17 18 Figure 4. Precipitation Data 1999-2008 Climatological data collected from BMG Palu show that the climatic data are started in 1998 to 2010 for the district of Poso, Donggala, Sigi, Parigi Moutong and Palu. Changes in rainfall patterns, humidity and soil fertility due to climate change have led to productivity to decline, even many farmers in coastal areas experiencing crop failures due to flooding and rising sea levels. Weather changes have caused many farmers had trouble determining the right time to start planting season, or already experiencing crop failures due to erratic rainfall or drought. The most miserable farmers are those who live in highland regions and experience in loss of topsoil due to erosion. Based on laboratory data of Climate Bogor Agricultural University, during 1981-1990, each district in Indonesia has decreased an average of 100,000 tons of rice production per each year. In the period 1992 - 2000, the amount of this reduction was increased to 300,000 tons. Therefore, the key role of climate elements especially for planting is to plant growth and production. 19 Figure 5. Precipitation data on 1998-2010 at several observation station in Sigi Regency, Palu City and Donggala Regency Figure 6. Precipitation average of mothly and yearly on periode 2005-2011. 20 The results on six nearest station with Lore Lindu National Park as shown in the graph above show that when using Mohr categorization based on criteria in dry (rainfall <60 mm); humid months (rainfall 60-100 mm); and wet months (> 100 mm), then there are three places where are categorized as humid areas, namely, in Palu Mutiara, BP4 Biromaru in Sigi and LLHP Dolago in Parigi/Moutong. Three areas that are categorized as wet areas throughout the year, namely BPP Lambunu in Parigi/Moutong, Gimpu in Sigi and Lompio in Donggala. It affects to agricultural sector in terms of pattern of planting or transplanting time. High rainfall during abundant availability of water exceeds even that leads to farmers involve in some difficulties to prepare the land. When high rainfall, farmers are often bothered by emergence of various of plant pests. At such a time, pests attack such as mice and leafhoppers is quite high then variety of diseases caused by bacteria and fungi on food crops. Meanwhile, during high rainfall and prolonged, the farmers also harvest bothered with these problems. Food crop growth such as in corn is also getting into problem by a heavy rainfall. Beside pests, plant vegetative growth looks quite good though, but the generative development is disturbed. For example, the process of fertilization can be imperfect due to lack of sunlight. 1 Among these three BMKG station, the area around Gimpu-Sigi was the most volatile, by average highly increased is especially peaked in April (316.9 mm/month) and November (298.1 mm/month). Based on data collected in Gimpu station, total rainfall could reach an average of 2605.8 mm/year and the average monthly reach 217.1 mm/month (Figure 7). 1 http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/education/2218555-pengaruh-hujan-terhadappertanian/#ixzz2CZLr4EFj. Diakses hari Minggu, 18 Nopember 2012 21 Figure 7. The precipitation average in several observation station The graph above indicates that the frequency of rain increase slightly in April then reach a maximum intensity in June. After that, the intensity began to decline and weakened until the following April. Excepting at certain stations, such as in Gimpu, although in terms of the average number of rainy days is the lowest (7.2 days/month) but in November began to increase in intensity and then began to fall back to the point that is most rarely rains in July. Pattern and fluctuation, intensity and magnitude of rainfall can be used as a basis for analyzing the activities and people's daily lives around Lore Lindu. Meanwhile, the amount of rainfall is also one of elements of the role of climate on the incidence of landslides and erosion (Sutedjo and Kartasapoetra, 2002). Rainwater runoff into surface water is the main element of erosion agent. A high intensity rain, such as 50 mm in a short time (<1 hour), more likely to cause erosion of rain compared with the same flow, but in a longer time (> 1 hour). Rainfall intensity determines the magnitude of erosion. Based on the record annual rainfall in BMKG Gimpu, rainfall intensity which is higher than 2000 mm can be considered potentially or likely to cause major erosion. All are independent of factors, slope, soil type and others. 2 1. Geology, geomorphology, soils Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve is located between two main fault lines in Central Sulawesi. In mountainous areas, its type of land comprises acid stone namely Gneisses, schist, 2 Sutedjo, M.M., dan A.G Kartasapoetra. 2002. Pengantar Ilmu Tanah. Penerbit Bineka Cipta. Jakarta. 22 and granite, which is sensitive to erosion. The Lacustrine formation is found in the eastern part of core area and generally found in plain of flat or cloudy lake. The deposit materials comprise of the mixture of sediment stones, metamorphose and granite. On the western part, alluvium formation is found, generally with colluvial fan or flat country, resulted by the river deposition such as terrace or back swamps. The alluvial materials are from metamorphic stone and granite. Soil condition in the biosphere reserve is varied from Entisol, Inseptisol up to Alfisol and few Ultisol. Figure 8. Map of Geology and Topography of Core Area of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve 2. Ecosystem type Core Area of the BR is Lore Lindu National Park comprises an area of 231,000 ha. This area represents various ecosystem types, including lowland tropical forest, sub montane forest, 23 montane forest and mixed forest. A major part of Lore Lindu National Park lies at an altitude of more than 1,000 m with Nokilalaki Mountain (2,356m) as the highest mountain. Lindu Lake covers 3,000 ha ancient freshwater lake, is located in an enclave in the centre of the park. The mountain forests at these heights consist of tree species of more moderate climates as Oaks, Chestnuts and Laurels. At the lower altitudes, which comprise only about 10% of the park, there is lowland rainforest while in the dryer northern reaches of the park remnants of monsoon forest, a forest type found in no other protected area in Sulawesi, can be found. At altitudes higher than 2,000 m the flora is sub-alpine. The plant species that can be found in both lowland tropical forest and sub-montane forest include Eucalyptus deglupta, Pterospermum celebicum, Cananga odorata, Gnetum gnemon, Castanopsis argentea, Agathis philippinensis, medicinal plant and rattan. Table 2. Summary descriptions of forest habitats (MAB Indonesia, 2012) Habitat Summary description Heath forest High altitude forest on flat or gently rolling terrain with a 10-30 m uniform canopy, and small boles the trees with small, leathery leaves. Growing on acid, sandy soils with a peat layer. Tannins blacken water runoff. Cloud forest A special type of upper montane forest characterized an exposed aspect that is usually cloud covered. Trees are stunted, slender, < c.10 m tall. Soils are acid and peaty. Ericaceae is highly abundant. Trees are covered in a dense layer of moss. Upper montane Forest growing at high altitude, generally > 1400 m with a short canopy forest < 25 m tall of relatively uniform structure. Many trees have small and leathery (sclerophyllous) leaves. Undergrowth is sparse and often fern dominated, with some palms present. Gymnosperm trees are common, including Dacrydium. Members of the Ericaceae are particularly abundant, especially Vaccinium and Rhododendron. Lichens are common to abundant. Upper – lower An area that contains mixed elements of upper and lower montane forest. 24 montane mix Lower montane The habitat making up most of Lore Lindu National Park, divided into forest four sub-types (see discussion). Forest with up to a c. 35 m canopy, with few or no emergent trees. Very few trees have small, leathery, leaves (compare with upper montane forest). The undergrowth is thick and dominated by palms, especially rattans. Lowland forest A rare habitat in the lowland areas, particularly those running the length of the Kulawi valley. Lowland forest is tall, moist, forest with three canopies-emergent, upper and lower. Big, woody, lianas are common. The undergrowth, when dense, is dominated by herbaceous species. Monsoon forest Monsoon forest grows in the dry area of the north and northeast of the park between c. 300-700 m above sea level. It has a canopy of c. 30 m. and is species poor relative to lowland and montane forest. The undergrowth is shrubby and bamboo is common Marsh Grass and sedge dominated areas between the swamp forest and water bodies. Savannah Savannah describes the grass-dominated area in the dryer northern park of the park that includes scrubby patches of trees such as Acacia and shrubs including milkweeds. It is a highly degraded area that leads into the similarly vegetated part of the Palu valley. Source: Jarvie & Hardiono (2000) 25 Figure 9. Vegetation Types (Source: LLNP and TNC) 26 Main species: Flora In Lore Lindu, lowland forest was observed with a canopy of c. 35 m, the larger trees to 70 cm diameter breast high. Pometia and Artocarpus are common larger trees. The plant diversity found in this lowland forest are Mussaendopsis beccariana, Dysoxylum sp., Ficus spp., Myristica spp., Caryota sp., Elmeria ovalis, Strychnos axillaries, Celtis sp., Pterospermum subpeltatum, Cannarium odoratum, Artocarpus elaticus, Artocarpus teijimannii), Durio zibethinus, etc. (MAB Indonesia, 2013). Fauna diversity The biodiversity of this BR is rich in animal species, with 117 species of mammals, 88 species of bird, 29 species of reptile and 19 species of amphibian. More than 50 % of fauna found in this region are endemic such as Anoa quarlesi, Anoa depressicornis, Babyrousa babirussa, Tarsius spectrum, Macrogalidia musschenbrockii, Rattus celebensis, Macrocephalon maleo, Elaphe erythrura, Bufo celebensis, Strigocuscus celebencis, Elaphe erythrura, E. janseni, Anabas Testudines, etc. (MAB Indonesia, 2012). Most of Sulawesi's endemic mammals and 83 % of its endemic avifauna have been recorded in or closely associated with the park. Bird diversity Sulawesi has 380 birds species with 97 endemic species (Coates & Bishop, 2000), in comparison Kalimantan (Borneo's part of Indonesia) about four times the size of Sulawesi and Sumatra of about three times Sulawesi’s size have 479 birds species with 37 endemic and 605 birds species with 20 endemic respectively (Andrew, 1992; MacKinnon, 1992). Sulawesi is categorized as low richness but remarkably high endemism. Sulawesi mainland has of 224 resident bird species, 41 species of which are endemic (Coates & Bishop, 2000; MacKinnon, 1992). An additional 56 species confined to Sulawesi 27 and/or its satellite islands such as Talaud, Sangir, Banggai and Sula islands (Coates & Bishop, 2000). There are ten endemic genera confined to Sulawesi mainland; Malia and Geomalia, Myza, Macrocephalon, Aramidopsis, Coracias, Meropogon, Penelopides, Enodes and Scissirostrum. Sulawesi also has 54 restricted-range species (see Table 1). Restricted-range species are described as a species which has breeding range less than 50,000 km2, and the area has minimal 2 restricted-range species is called an Endemic Bird Area (EBA) (Sujatnika et al., 1995). Lore Lindu National Park lies in Central Sulawesi Province. This area formed from the collision of Gondwanaland and Asia plates which form the eastern part and western parts of Sulawesi respectively. The north part of Sulawesi probably formed from this collision as well. This combined form presumably results in the high endemic fauna found in the national park, especially birds. The park is home to northern and southern Sulawesi wildlife. Unsurprisingly that in the last five years, endemic birds previously thought to be confined to north Sulawesi (Tyto inexpectata and Eurostopodus diabolicus) and east Sulawesi (Rhynomyias colonus) have been found at Lore Lindu National Park. Figure 10. Bird diversity in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve (Photo, LLM|NP, 2000-2009) 28 Checklist book of Lore Lindu National Park (Nur Mallo and Ma'dika, 2000), said that Lore Lindu National Park has 217 resident bird species and migrants, all data on this checklist were collected from various bird observers and references. Meanwhile, Coates & Bishop (2000) said that Lore Lindu National Park supports 78 % Sulawesi's endemic birds (without mentioning the exact number). This National park supports all Sulawesi's mountainous endemic birds except three species i.e., Ficedula bonthaina, Cyornis sanfordi and Zosterops anomalus (Coates & Bishop, 2000). Mammals Mammals species found in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve are anoa (Anoa quarlesi), babirusa (Babyrousa babyrousa), warty pig (Sus celebensis), deer (Cervus timorensis), tarsier (Tarsius dianae, T. pumilus), tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana), marsupial cuscus (Ailurops ursinus and Strigocuscus celebensis), and Sulawesi’s largest carnivore, the nocturnal Sulawesi civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroeckii) are known to live there. We also found at least five species of squirrel, and 31 out of 38 rat species are endemic. The most commonly seen animals are those that enjoy the secondary forest or agricultural areas and tolerate human presence. Many bats fall into this category and pigs and troupes of the macaque monkey are sometimes spotted raiding corn crops or cocoa plantation (MAB Indonesia, 2012). Figure 11. Babyrousa babyrousa, Macaca tonkeana, Tarsius dianae, Tarsius pumilus and Anoa quarlesi (Source Photo: LLNP, 2000-2009) 29 Reptiles, Fish and Amphibians There are 21 species of lizard in the park and many of Sulawesi’s 68 species of snakes can also be found here, including the python (Python reticulates) and king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). The most commonly seen snakes are the racers (Elaphe erythrura and E. janseni). The reticulated python is the longest snake in the world, and common in many parts of Southeast Asia. The longest python ever recorded, a specimen measuring 9.97 m in length, was collected in Sulawesi. Occasionally this python take large prey and in March 1998 a man was eaten in Kulawi a 5 specimen that was later killed; python are also sometimes hunted for their skin and meat (MAB Indonesia, 2012). Twenty-one species of amphibians and six fish species, including endemic species in Lake Lindu, Xenopoeciles sarasinorum, have been identified within the park. Eels are common in all park streams but fish are found only on the larger rivers and lakes (MAB Indonesia, 2012). Figure 12. Herpetofauna diversity in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserves (Photo: LLNP, 2000-2009) Insects Thousands of weird and wonderful insect species can be seen around the park but most of them are not easy to identify. These smaller species are commonly seen by visitors. Although they are less familiar than larger animals, many of them are attractive, have unusual habits of their own, and well worth watching. This is particularly true of the eye-catching butterflies that fly around the park. Stories exist of flocks so dense and large that drivers have had to turn their windscreen wipers on in order to improve their view. They are usually seen hovering around water or salt sources and flowers. Many species are caught and sold to collectors and butterfly 30 farming was once encouraged as alternative sources of income for local people. Magnificent endemics include Papilio blumei, a large swallowtail with glittering blue green wing stripes, and Graphium androcles, a large, white butterfly with a long, streaming tail. Large numbers of male butterflies particularly Graphium or Appias spp., can be seen drinking around mud patches where they are obtaining the sodium salts that are essential for their life cycle. Female does not need to do this as the male passes on its valuable packet of salts during mating. Urine is often used by butterfly catchers as highly effective bait (MAB Indonesia, 2012). Figure 13. Insecta diversity (Photo: LLNP, 2000-2009) 3.2. Social and cultural aspect 1. Pekurehua’s community in Valley Napu Residents in Valley of Napu, North Lore District is unity of various ethnic groups comprising of indigenous groups (Napu, Besoa, Sedoa and Bada) and immigrant communities that have become part of North Lore District (Bugis society, Rampi, Pamona, Mori, Toraja, Minahasa, Seko, Sangir Talaut, Java, Ternate, Kaili, Sundanese, Batak and Gorontalo). Ethnic spreads in the Biosphere Reserve are presented in Figure 13 and for composition of indigenous and immigrant communities are presented in Figure 14. The indigenous people who live in Valley of Napu prefer to be called as the Pekurehua compared with the designation as the Napu. According to some local experts (Rely Pole, Sinus Timba, Oscar and others), called the Napu a mockery as the fierce and ferocious in battle. They 31 prefer to be known as the Pekurehua, are the ones that come from the Valley Pekurehua located in the middle of the meadow Winowanga. Pekurehua is derived from the name of a kerehua bird. Regarding the regional language in the Valley of Napu, there are 4 regional languages (dialects) which most widely used for communication, such as Napu language used by indigenous people who live in the area and surrounding Wuasa. The besoa language is used buby Besoa community, Rampi language used to communicate Betue village and language Dodolo and Sedoa used in Sedoa village and surrounding areas. Distribution of those languages used is not rigid; it means that they appreciate the other languages as a means of communication, particularly with immigrant communities. Local languages are used among members of indigenous communities do in the region, while Indonesian is usually used in daily communication with other community groups, as well as the official language in government offices and schools. 32 Figure 14. Ethnic distribution in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve 33 (Source: Lore Lindu National Park and TNC) Figure 15. Map of population composition in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve (Source: Lore Lindu National Park and TNC) Regarding public belief in the region, even though they are Christianity, their life is still strongly influenced by the ancestors’s culture. For example, they considers the supranatural power works on their life, so they tend to recognize symptoms and natural phenomena in carrying out the production efforts. It can be seen clearly when they convert forest to be gardens 34 or fields. They usually undertake traditional rituals in each phase of works, starting from clearing up the land until the time of harvest. Rituals are also performed at the time of building a house starting from site selection, gathering materials, building houses and being new homes. It is similarly looks of organizing such ceremonies lifecycle ranging from birth, childhood; adolescence, adulthood, and marriage untill death. Implementation of ceremonies is intended to concern that all jobs run smoothly without any interruption. Its meaning is application of safety and expulsion evil elements that can interfere with the work they do. In the period before Indonesian independence, social stratification in the Valley Napu includes 4 levels, namely: (1) tuana (king), is the highest layer and a central community life, (2) galara (the nobility), is a society made up of nobility, descendants and relatives of kings, high officials like a warlord kingdom (Kabila) and indigenous elders, (3) hawi (common people), is that most of society is always subject to the king and have good behavior, and (4) hawi mpoké (the lowest layer or slave), this layer consists of the poor, slaves and prisoners of war. This social status is passed down from generation to generation. Further analyzed shows that it turned out to members of society who have a higher education have had a better social status or even with high levels of education, they have a very respectable social status, especially related to government jobs, such as Head, Regents, the Governor, etc. Most of the local people "Napu" who make their livelihood as farmers educated junior level by 36%. Farming communities who are members of the village farmer groups Wuasa composition can be seen in the following graph. 35 Figure 16. Education level of Pekurehua community in Napu Valley (Source: Field Data 2012). Pekurehua communities in the Valley of Napu for generations had engaged in agricultural wetlands by planting rice farming. They have the capital in land cover have community groups into the fields as much as 18%, while those with fields and gardens as much as 41%. The composition of ownership of agricultural land cultivated by the local people "Napu" is described in the following graph. Figure 17. Land Ownership Level of Pekurehua Community. Source: Field Data 2012 36 2. Toro community in the valley of Kulawi Kulawi Valley communities are ethnically dominated by tribal communities Kaili. Kaili communities in this region consist of some ethnic groups such as Moma, Uma and Tado. Moma ethnic groups are majority in District of Kulawi. One of the native tribes who belong to the Moma ethnic group is people of Toro and they were chosen to be one of the study sites because they have local wisdom in the management of natural resources. In the outside of District of Kulawi, some other clumps of Kaili can be found there such as IJA, Ado, Ledo, Daa and others. They can understand each other even talking to each by using a different mother tongue. Interestingly, ethnological identity in their atara kinship based on criteria determined by the use of language that denies the word " no " that they use in their respective languages, the Moma, Uma, Tado, Ado and so on, all meaning "not" (Mattulada, ? ). Kulawi district is an area located in the buffer zone of the Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve. District of Kulawi is geographically located as the buffer area in the mountainous areas and along stream basins are Lariang with lies at an altitude of 500-1000 m above sea level. In general, Kulawi District has an area of 1.053,56 km2, as the region with the largest area in the district of Sigi or 20.28 percent of the total district. Administratively, Kulawi District consists of 14 villages and Toro is one of their villages. Kulawi District includes the lowlands and highlands and, it can be grouped into two areas based on altitude, areas located between 0-500 m above sea level covering about 21.42 percent of total area of the District of Kulawi and another one located between 501 - 1,000 m above sea level covering around 78.58 percent. The district has a strategic role for Sigi regency, especially in relation to the increased growth of the region and public services for the people who live relatively far from the center of government. Nowadays, Kulawi has unique characteristics in the presence of protected areas and indigenous areas which still survive. Existence of customary lands and protected areas might be become authorized (social capital) for Kulawi regional development. The main priorities of developing Kulawi are improving public services and accelerating the development of environmentally sound. In line with the development of the region, climatic conditions have an influence on the concept of area development in those areas where people are expected to be able to adapt to environmental changes that occur. In order to reveal people's perception on climate change and 37 adaptation strategies that will be developed, so the location of research is conducted in rural areas directly adjacent to the core area of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve (Lore Lindu National Park area), Toro village. Toro society is often referred to as the Toro or "to i Toro" who is one of the local communities living in the area with mountainous topography in buffer zone of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve, District Kulawi, Sigi. Toro village Or Ngata Toro is about 15 km from the Capital District Bolapapu and about 86 km from the provincial capital of Palu. In the language Kulawi, Toro means "rest". This terminology refers to a region that has been abandoned by its inhabitants in a long time, so it becomes wilderness. Displacement of population of Malino to Toro has been estimated about 500 years ago. The forced displacement was caused by waging of war with other tribes. Family and was forced to flee when it was as much as 7 households, under the leadership of Mpone (Shohibuddin, 2003). Toro traditional societies have 3 hierarchical social stratifications that is "maradika" or group of nobles, todea or ordinary folk, and Batua or slaves. Based on data processed, majority of Toro communities who are subsistence farmers have educational background in high school level by 42%. It can be seen in the composition of respondents that they are members of 10 farmer groups in Toro village. The proportion of respondent’s sample for education can be seen in the following graph. Figure 18. Education level of Toro Community (Source: Field Data 2012) 38 Communal areas Toro Society Toro community land area is located in the valleys and slopes of the mountains, and when it is viewed in passing, residential areas and farming communities Toro forming the letter "M" that crept into the Lore Lindu National Park area is a core area of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve. To go to this region, there is a narrow slit as the only one way in a mountainside winding that connects the village with other villages. The geographical conditions lead to Toro region is being almost an "enclave" surrounded by residential areas and farms and directly adjacent to Lore Lindu National Park area. In general, the whole region is dominated by mountains including Toro Pobailoa Mountains, Kalabui, Kaumuku, Toworo, Onco, Tawaeli, Topolo, Potaka Jara, Powibia, and others. This area lies at an altitude between 700-800 meters above sea level, so it has a cool air. Figure 19. Traditional land ownership of Toro community in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve (LLNP, 2012) Ngata Toro region is dominated by mountains and it can be found several major rivers, such as the River Sopa, Biro, Pengemoa, Alumiu, Leangko, Pono, Bola, Mewe and Kadundu. 39 The boundaries of indigenous territories claimed Toro community is bordered by Mataue (natural boundary Mount Podoroa) and Katu (natural boundary river Biro and Hawuraga) in the east; with Oo Parese (Mahue natural boundary) and Lawua (Potowoa Noa natural boundary) at south and with Sungku (natural boundary Mount Toengi) and Winatu (natural boundary Halua River) in the west. Meanwhile, residential areas and rural farming of Toro is a stretch of mountain valley surrounded by two rows of hills protruding. The result is a settlement that follows the contour of the existing physical coincides to form the letter "W" when viewed from SIS in Lore Lindu National Park area. Residential areas are concentrated in one of the pieces is almost symmetric, while the area of rice fields spread evenly along the radius of the letter "W". Toro communities for a long time and in the surrounding villages know that rice cultivation is supported by a good regularly irrigation system. It can be assumed that in the past, this region has a relatively high culture. Therefore, the irrigation system is only possible with an effective government capable to mobilizing labor and is able to divide and arrange the water regularly. People who are considered to have meritorious in developing the farm system is "Balu". He was the first person who introduces the cultivation of rice in the rice paddies to its people. In addition, Balu is also considered to have meritorious in developing a strong defense system by establishing a trained fighting force. In the past, waging of wars between tribes is common in this area. During this period of Balu leadership, hegemony Kulawi reaches a very large region, including the Rampi, Seko, Rongkong and Bada in the south, and Parigi in the East (Garang, 1985). Until now, Toro is still an important rice producing areas. Until a few decades ago, Toro has dozens of varieties of local rice known as: hamonu, toburasa and also lelo kuru, halaka, kanari, gembira, togomigi, garangka, bengawan, baraya and banca rone (paddy rice) and all of these are extinct. There was also a tingkalolo red, black tingkaloko, topada, drain, raki, karangi sticky rice, and tens bete (paddy rice) which are rarely grown anymore. Some of these local varieties become extinct since the introduction of new rice varieties in the 1970s which are generally much shorter cropping period and provide more yields. Paddy fields have been abandoned even after much cocoa cultivation since the early 1990s in this area. The only one of local rice variety which is still often planted is raki. 40 In carrying agricultural activities, this community knows that labor relations system called "mapalus" labor exchange that includes a variety of activities. Thus, implementation of this mapalus is not only limited to agriculture, but also for other various activities, such as construction of houses, weddings, ceremonies grief and so on. Figure 20. Settlement area of Toro community in buffer zone of Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve 41 Generally, farming communities who live in the village of Toro, District Kulawi, have rice fields as subsistence farmers and have a garden planted with chocolate and coffee as the main commodities. Most communities (75%) have fields and gardens and only a small fraction (17%) of Toro villagers who only have rice fields or their own fields, while at least 8% people have the fields. The composition of agricultural land cultivated by villagers of Toro illustrated in the following graph. Figure 21. Land ownership of Toro community (Source: Field Data 2012) Biophysics environment Ngata Toro is geographically located between 120o 1’ BT - 120o 3’30’’ BT dan 1o 29’30’’ LS - 1o 32’ LS. Ngata Toro region has an area of approximately ± 229.5 km2 (22,950 ha) and lay at an average altitude of 800 m above sea level. Ngata Toro has a topography including mountains into categories, while settlements and agriculture are generally concentrated in the valleys and slopes are surrounded by mountains like: Kalabui, Kaumuku, Toworo, onco, Tawaeli, Topolo, Potaka Jara, and Powibia (see Figure Map). According to the weather observation station in Kulawi, the average annual rainfall in this area ranges from 200-3.500 mm per year in the period of 1997-2004, relative humidity 42 85.17%, with an average monthly temperature of 23,4oC. Heaviest rainfall occurred in April and May (Gerold et al. 2002). Knowledge of Toro community about biological resources and its environment Toro community has a good knowledge about diversity of natural resources and its environment, also has a wisdom in the management of them. resources, especially in terms of spatial distribution and utilization. This society divides it in accordance with the spatial system utilization as shown in the following table. Table 3. Categorization of indigenous land of Toro The scope Function Traditional rules Prohibition forest Sacred, spot wildlife, water resources, - Givu (wana ngkiki, rituals, damar and rattan collection - Forbidden to Wana) processed Forest reserve (pangale) Legacy for posterity, traditional medicines, - Mogane rattan and resin collection - Mehabi - Mosambulu gana - Givu Processed forest Gardens, fields, grazing paddock - Nompehulu manu (oma, Balingkea, - Vunca Pohawa pongko) Villages Settlement, yards, villages, and gardens Rice fields paddy farming - Nompemhule manu - Vunca - Nompehulu manu - Vunca Source: Golar (2006) However, at this time, there has been a change in their environment caused by the intervention of market economy and political dynamics. Intervention in the economy caused by the changing preferences of the market economy of society due to high demand for commercial crops, such as cocoa (Theobroma cacao), coffee (Coffea sp.) and vanilla (Vanilla planifolia). Meanwhile, political pressure that occurs in Toro is dominated by imbalance problems of land 43 tenure and land ownership in Toro. Then, it leads to weaken traditional institutions control functions to the management and utilization of forest resources (Golar, 2006). Toro society has divided the region according to its function and has been regulated by the customary law such as residential areas, farming areas, the area of land conversion, forest areas, protected areas and sacred. The spatial division is an adaptation to the environment to take advantage of need fulfillment. Through the spatial distribution, society can use it as intended in order to ensure its sustainability. Figure 22. The spatial division and its utilisation (Source: Golar, 2006) Areas for improvement in the spatial distribution of each unit are proportion of the environment, so it will not suffer losses due to inadequate regional proportions. For example, the proportion between the conservation areas for production activities should be proportional to the ratio of 1 to 10, so that environmental balance will remain intact. Spatial distribution in term of proportion will be explored in more depth study in the upcoming year to determine the extent to which strategies developed by the Toro. 44 3.3. The Diversity of Biological Resources a. The useful plant diversity The observation about number and kinds of useful plants utilizated is presented in Table 2, which is the result of observations in 2012 and 2013. Numbers of useful plants are presented in table represent the number of useful plant known to use by Napu and Toro. In daily life, people in the two sites only use a small fraction of them. For example, knowledge of the type of firewood is nearly 50 species of wood, but in life, only utilizing about 5-10 types of wood. By the government's program on using of gas, the use of firewood is gradually decreased, especially in the food stall owners in Valley of Napu and Kulawi. Similarly, for the use of other types of medicinal plants, society did not take better advantage of the medicinal plants which are only 2-3 % of the overall species are known to the public. Numbers of useful plants and its utilization categories is shown in Table 4. Table 4. The category of the diversity of plant utilization Number of useful species The category of plant utilization A. Domesticated and cultivated plants 1. Prociple food 2. Supplement foods 2.1. Vegetable and pulse 2.2. Plant producing oil 2.3. Tuber 2.4. Spices 2.5. Drink material 2.6. Fruit and grain 3. Forage 4. Plants producing latex and resin 5. Plants producing fibre and rubber 6. Stimulant 7. Firewood 8. Ornamental plants 9. Aromatic and cosmetic plants 10. Coloring plants 11. Plants for ritual material and Adat 12. Fertilizer Napu community Toro community 1 1 20 2 6 9 5 14 3 2 1 2 4 12 2 5 3 2 12-15 1 7 6 5 14 3 2 1 2 4 15 2 4 3 1 45 13. Outil 14. Poison 15. Miscellaneous B. Wild Plant 1. Food material of non medicinal plants 1.1. Leaves, tronc and pouses 1.2. Flower, fruit and grains 1.3. Tuber, rhizoma, racines 1.4. Spices 1.5. Drink material 2. Plant producing latex and resin 3. Ropes materials 3.1. Canes 3.2. Binding/weaving 4. Coloring material 5. Ornamental plants 6. Fibre material (vetement and outil) 7. Outil material (home, agriculture, war material) 8. Music and game material 9. Aromatic and cosmetics 10. Stimulant 11. Building material (house) 11.1. Scaffold 11.2. Pole 11.3. Roof 11.4. Wall 12. Fire wood 13. Commercial timber 14. Ecological indicators 15. Custom and ritual material 16. Mushrooms 17. Poison 17.1. Fish poison 17.2. Other poison 18. Miscellaneous C. Medicinal plants 1. Cultivated plants 2. Wild plants D. Special characteristic plants E. Semi-domestic plants Sources: Purwanto and Susiarti (2003); Field Data (2012. 2013) 5 1 - 4 1 - 3 9 2 1 9 2 5 5 13 1 5 1 5 10 1 1 9 2 7 6 12 2-3 5 1 52 24 34 15 34 67 2 1 4 4 2 2 100 10 90 - 50-60 20-30 20-30 10 45 60 2 2 4 4 2 2 60 10 50 - Napu communities living around protected areas have a good knowledge of diversity of useful plants in their environment. Table 4 shows that people in the two study areas have a high 46 dependence on the presence of plant diversity. In general, they take advantage of its diversity of by growing them at sourroundings for subsistence and meeting economic needs of the household. At this time, the community has undertaken extractive activities rarely, especially in searching non-timber forest products in surrounding forest area. They just take advantage of some species of rattan, bamboo and some types of medicinal herbs when they need them. Identification and characterization of diversity of useful plants show that there are some kinds of plants which are economically beneficial that can potentially be further developed into seed plant in the region, such as rattan, fruits and others. On the other side, field observations indicate that majority Napu Valley is grassland areas within infertile soil conditions contain sand, acidic pH, low nutrient soils and shallow solum. It has been cultivated for cassava on an industrial scale through the application of its cultivation in a modern way. Land improvement through organic fertilizer and temperature increased affect to the good results on growth of cassava in the region. b. The types of important and potential plants Based on calculation of Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) of useful plants in Lore Region of Napu, some kinds are contributed significantly to local communities in the region. The types of plants that have a high value indicate that the type of ICS is important for people living in Wuasa. Therefore, developments of these species are basically important for Wuasa community. Calculations are based on the use of ICS intensity value, exclusivity and quantity. The value of ICS describing the types of plants that is considered important for local communities and become a basis for futher development. ICS value of a useful plant species can be attributed to its economic value and would be a good baseline for the development toward cultivating them that have not been cultivated yet. In addition, ICS value of a useful plant might also be associated with important values of useful plant in their natural habitat. If ICS value of a useful plant is high and also high importance, its presence does not interfere with sustainability aspects. Conversely, if ICS is low, then the plants will need special treatment in order to save them from exploitation and extinction. Therefore, many kinds of development alternatives are needed to be maintained and preserved them. 47 Useful plant that have a high ICS values are presented in Table 5. Some food of carbohydrate sources that have the highest value of ICS are rice (Oryza sativa), cassava (Manihot esculenta), maize (Zea mays), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and sago (Sago metroxylon). Sweet potato has wide distribution ranging from lowlands to highlands, so it might be developed as a type of plant that is resistant to changes in climatic variables. The types of fruits that most people find them important are mango (Mangifera indica), jackfruit (Artocarpus hiterophyllus), papaya (Carica papaya), banana (Musa spp.) and orange (Citrus spp.). Most types of vegetables which have important value in community’s life are tomato (Lycoperssicon esculentum), carrot (Daucus carota), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var.botrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata), and beans (Vigna unguiculata). The only two types of crops that are considered essential in Lore Lindu are coffee (Coffea spp.) and clove (Eugenia aromatica). Table 5. ICS Value of Useful Plants No Plant species and the utilization A Food material 1 Food material as carbohydrate source 1. Pare (Oryza sativa) 74 2. Uwi kau (Manihot esculenta) 32 3. Gogoa (Zea mays) 2 3 ICS value 29.5 4. Uwi ntepi (Ipomoea batatas) 32 5. Hinaku (Metroxylon sago) 32 Fruits 1. Asa (Mangifera indica) 27 2. Nanaka (Artocarpus hyterophyllus) 27 3. Papaya (Carica papaya) 27 4. Loka (Musa spp.) 26 5. Lemo (Citrus aurantifolia) 26 Vegetable 1. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 20 48 4 2. Carrot (Daucus carota) 20 3. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var botrytis) 25 4. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) 20 5. Beans (Vigna unguiculata) 20 Drink Material 1. Towu (Saccharum offcinarum) 30 2. Lemon (Citrus sp.) 30 B Estate Plant 1 Coffee (Coffea sp.) 46 2 Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) 40 C Non timber forest products (NTFPs) 1 Medicinal plants material 2 1. Hiha (Alstonia scholaris) 44 2. Kanau (Arenga pinnata) 26 3. Balakama (Ocimum utilisimum) 22 4. Kanuna (Cordia sp.) 22 5. Timbu (Glochidion sp.) 27 Handicraft material and others 1. Rattan (Calamus spp.) 36 2. Wone (Dysoxylum sp.) 42 3. Arogo (Premna obtusifolia) 31 4. Lebanu (Nauclea orientalis) 23 5. Pahabo (Ficus sp.) 20 Source: Purwanto (2010) and Field Data 2012) Furthemore, for non-cultivation of useful plant, the important value is known for some plants used in traditional medicines such as Alstonia scholaris, Arenga pinnata, Ocimum utilisimum, Cordia sp., and Glochidion sp. Several economic potential plants that can be developed forwards to become a flagship species in the region are rattan, fruits and others. 49 c. The utlization and development of plant resources Utilization and development of natural resources by communities in Valley of Napu are still not optimal if we refer to the wealth of natural resources and land fertility in this region. 3.4. Community strategies to face climate change As we reported in 2012, a change of climate elements such as precipitation behaviour change, increase in temperature, wind and humidity behaviour have been felt by Napu society. However, people do not know how the expression of climate changes and its causes. In order to reduce the risk of failure, Napu takes some local measurement methods to reduce the risk of crop failure. They spend a lot concern about to find some kind of suitable crop varieties grown on agricultural land and paddy fields as the action to response to climate change. Based on the field survey, at least 41% of local farming community seeks other types of plants that are resistant to pests and weather, so it will expect to earn the maximum yields. An overview of their responses or strategies to climate change can be seen in the following graph. Figure 23. Adaptation strategy of the Napu society on variable climatic change. (Source: Field Data 2012) Community adaptation strategies to changing climatic variables mentioned in Figure 22 show that the majority of people still rely on farming activities for their production activities. They are actually to seek the other jobs temporarily to meet their needs and generally, it has 50 carried out by the people who have limited arable land. They were looking for the other jobs if the conditions of production activities have enabled. Based on in depth observations (2013) about understanding Napu community to climate change, it can be known that the phenomenon of climate change according to the people who live in Valley of Napu is about uncertainty or difficulties of predicting weather conditions for people in the region who rely on agriculture production activities in their life. The results showed most people (90% of respondents) stated that by the change in weather over the last few years has affected their farming activities, especially farming and plantation crops. Climate change might have reflected uncertainty changes in temperature and weather in the area around of the village of Toro, District Kulawi, Sigi and they response to this changes by adaptation efforts. Adaptation activities are conducted by society and mostly dominated by seeking the prospect elsewhere, especially find a job to the city (other) (over 50%), changing the way farming 17%, adding of production tools (17%) and gathering forest products and look for another job, respectively by 8%. The following figure ilustrate a detailed explanation on community efforts to adapt to climate change if those changes have an influence on the failure of farming activities. Figure 24. Adaptation strategy of Toro Society on variable climate change 51 Advanced research results (2013) about the community’s efforts in dealing with climate change are presented in Figure 24. The figure shows that the efforts of community in the face of unpredictable weather changes are choosing to change the pattern of farming in accordance with the characteristics of changes in the weather (85%), looking for the cause of failure, are looking for what caused the climatic elements reductions in yield or production failure (10%) and 5 % of respondents look for the other alternatives. For example, precipitation data continue to increase in number over the last 3 years that the community would prefer to develop rice farming. This choice is appropriate significantly because abundant rainfall is more suitable for rice farming compared to commercialize type crops or horticultural crops. Figure 25. The society effort face on variable climatic change. Source: Field Data 2013 (analyse) The results showing the community's efforts to find out cause of failure on farming (10% of respondents) indicated that the society has ability to examine whether failure on farming due to climate change or by other causes. Examining ability of cause of failure or deterioration of farming production can support efforts to select adaptation strategies developed in order to reduce the risk of crop failure. 52 a. The production activities Traditionally, main activities of local people who live in the valley area of Napu are a farmer. However, since the arrival of settlers in the region who seek a variety of horticultural crops, local communities in the Valley of Napu also tried many types of horticultural crops especially vegetables. Shifting in agricultural activities as part of adaptation to climate change is transmitted by learning of the growing immigrant community’s horticultural products produced by the North Lore District. Improving production of horticulture crops is one way in which community in addressing phenomenon of climate change in their neighborhood. It seems based on the responses of respondents, 85% said the climate change it is to change the way they farm (Figure 24). Newly developed farming activity is by improving plantations like coffee and cocoa crops. Biophysical characteristics of Valley of Napu region provide many opportunities for people to pursue a variety of agricultural commodities. It can be an opportunity for the community to undertake a wide selection of farming systems in the face of changing conditions such as unpredictable weather in recent years. According to the community, some commodities which have a chance to grown in the Valley of Napu include horticulture, rice, cocoa and food crops (especially corn and peanuts). Some commodities are promising to be developed as well as the adequacy of economic resources and people's food needs. In general, the local communities tend to an open or pragmatic towards agricultural commodities which contribute an economic value significantly and they will try to work on that without prompting. Horticultural commodities that are currently pursued, are assumed as promising products because they had been still earn good results and can be done within a short span of time. Figure 25 shows the results of observations about some kinds of farming which are considered to provide economic benefits and food for their households. 53 Figure 26. Farming activities that are considered beneficial to the local communities in the Napu Valley. (Source: Field data, 2013) b. Rice Farming Activities of rice farming communities in the Valley Napu include rice farming and rice farming fields. Rice farming is grown in areas that have water sources, while the cultivated fields of rice farming activities on dry land and water resources are highly dependent on the availability of rainwater. In the past, people in this region are also seeking land for rice fields, but since the settlers come, people prefer to cultivate rice farming and utilize wetlands in the region, especially around the river. They started to build irrigation canals and creating farmer groups which are trained by the Department of Agriculture through the Agricultural Extension. Communities in the Valley of Napu have had planting calendar for paddy crop which is based on the experience to know characteristics of climatic conditions in the region. Figure 26 shows rice crop planting calendar that developed in the Pekurehua community, Valley of Napu. 54 Figure 27. Rice planting schedule of the Napu Society in Napu Valley. (Photo: Purwanto, 2012) The planting schedule above informs to farmers when safe and not safe to plant rice and it has been proven highly effective for reducing the risk of failure due to attack by pests and weather disturbances. Rice planting schedule with a red sign means not good time to paddy cultivation and the months are January-February, June-August and December-January. Furthermore, a sign of yellow means caution in performing activities of rice cultivation and the months are April to June and October to December. In addition, a good schedule for planting is green which includes February to April and August to October. Most people of Napu also believe in the existence of the months that are not good for the plant because these will be attacked by pests. According to the Napu statement, the months which are not good for plant and will cause pests attack are in May, June and July. This knowledge is based on the experiences of their ancestors that they do not conduct activities in paddy fields during the growth due to pests and diseases. However, within a few years (5 years) is that the last planting schedule has been ignored by the people in the District of North Lore due to changes and unpredictable in climatic 55 variables. Actually, changes in cropping pattern are also an effort of adaptation strategies to the conditions of climate change in the region, but due to changes in cropping patterns, these manage individually and not performed in groups which lead to several consequences, such as: - Different planting time remain the presence of pests and diseases because its cycle is not broken, such as stem borer and rat; - The uses of different cultivars can lead to different time of harvesting and planting stages. Differences in planting and harvesting time also increase higher risk of pests and diseases, mainly by pest birds, mice and stem borer. - There is no coordination between in the pattern and timing of planting: planting time and cultivar types which were developed resulting in the reappearance of some rice pests and they are actually difficult to overcome such as rat, rice borer, planthopper and others. In terms of the amount of agricultural land in the District North Lore, Poso, until 2010, it has increased the amount of arable land area (Table 6). However, comparing the cultivated area with the rice yield per hectare has decreased than the previous year. It can conclude that agricultural activities carried out by local communities in the Valley of Napu turn to face the problem. Issues related to agriculture is one of the starting amount of rice pests and diseases such as the emergence of the disease white and red leaf stems and planthopper pests, rodents and birds as well as the technical issues facing agriculture. So, production of paddy cultivated by local communities has decreased by 0.25 tons/ha in 2010 and 0.49 tonnes/ha in 2009. Table 6. Harvested Area and Production of Rice in Year 2008 – 2010 Types of plants Rice Paddy field Harvested area (ha) 2008 2009 Production (ton) 2010 2008 2009 2010 703 655 1.356 2.907,43 1.327,66 5.367,63 - - - - - - Source: Kecamatan Lore Utara Dalam Angka 2010, BPS 56 c. Crop Farming Farming system has shifted to the type of crops grown including maize (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max). Corn acreage has increased dramatically, but its production has decreased significantly (Table 7). Declining maize production in 2009 is likely due to the high rainfall in the region in which is not found in dry and rainfall in the range of 100-300 mm per month. Cassava planting area in the Valley of Napu also experienced a significant increase in 2010 (> 200 ha), because in this region, cassava is cultivated in marginal lands by employers of tapioca starch and it can be a solution in utilizing marginal land. In general, the any kinds of crops are cultivating by local communities in this region, except for peanuts and cassava which are cultivated by employer. The productions of crops in the region until 2010 are presented in Table 7. Table 7. Harvested Area and Production of Crop in Year 2008-2010 Types of plants Corn Harversted area (ha) 2008 2009 Production (ton) 2010 2008 2009 2010 143 127 262 339,47 139,25 104,25 20 15 24 286,86 114,58 432,62 Sweet potato 9 22 18 89,97 93,88 188,61 Peanuts 2 4 2 2,64 2,65 3,04 Green beans - - - - - - Soya beans - 3 - - 3,04 - Cassava Source: Kecamatan Lore Utara Dalam Angka 2010, BPS d. Horticultural Crop Farming Types of horticultural crops cultivated in the Valley of Napu are vegetables and fruits. Diversity of plant species cultivated by horticultural society in the Valley of Napu is presented in Table 6. Vegetable crops favored by the people in the Valley of Napu are tomatoes, onions, cabbage and chili/pepper. However, the actual operation of vegetable crops based on market demand and that there is a growing trend in the region. Communities in the region stated that in 57 determining the types of plants that will be planted vegetables they also calculate the time based on market needs. This stage is important because the outcome would have selling higher value and reduce excess supply in the market, as revealed by one of the following sources: "... We are farmers trying to find information about other areas that also have the same characteristics as the Napu Valley area. Do not let the rest grow tomatoes then this region also grows tomatoes in the same period. If that happens then the price will fall, so we are trying to plant some crops that do not exist in the other region and the needs of the vegetables will be supplied from this region " (a farmer from the village Alitupu). e. Production Productions of vegetables in Valley of Napu have up and down from year to year (Table 8 and Table 9). Some vegetable crops, such as onions in 2010 significantly increased from 47.6 tons to 2,685 tons. Increasing onion production from this area due to addition of onion crop areal extents and it is not caused by the introduction of new technology or innovation of onion cultivation. The addition of planting area is also promoted by interest of local community to develop vegetable farming following the immigrant communities. Table 8. Harvested Area and Production of Vegetable Plants (Year 2010) Types of plants Scallion Land Area (ha) 2008 2009 Production (ton) 2010 2008 2009 2010 32 29 35 1.937,41 683,64 437,5 5 10 7 302,70 186,96 47,6 Collards 11 27 35 510,10 429,66 472,5 Tomatoes 43 68 65 1.771,27 540,02 955,5 Potato 25 4 5 2.101,88 662,96 75 Snaps 4 8 10 87,34 40,76 140 Cucumber 3 3 5 88,38 58,92 82,5 Beans 40 12 15 1.220,67 272,52 16,5 Chilli 38 11 12 699,68 165,15 163,2 Red onion 58 Eggplant 3 2 2 97,79 - 29 Spinach 2 2 2 18,38 17,04 24 Kale 2 1 1 96,48 50,76 12 Source: Kecamatan Lore Utara Dalam Angka 2010, BPS Some vegetable crops production decreased significantly between 2008, 2009 and 2010 (Table 8). Declining vegetable production in 2009 and in 2010 is due to (1) decreasing in acreage and (2) weather conditions (climatic variables) that occurred in 2010: the rainy season occurs throughout the year. According to the public information, It was a year with no dry season in 2010. Precipitation data in 2010 shows that monthly average of more than 100 mm, so it means that there was no dry month in 2010. Regarding the high rainfall conditions and the rainy season occurs during the year led to the growth of vegetables and impaired production decreased, especially for the types of vegetables that are not resistant to the abundance of water, such as the types of pepper (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frustescens), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), onion (Allium cepa) and scallion (Allium sp.) and others. Production declined in 2010 did not continue in 2011 and most of the vegetables productions have increased dramatically. Increasing onion production is due to increased area of planting onions and also the weather conditions that support which the amount of precipitation does not occur throughout the year. Besides that, people began to make land drainage in vegetable farming. Table 9. Vegetable crops and production in North Lore District year 2009-2011. Source: Kecamatan Lore Utara Dalam Angka, 2012 (BPS) Number of production (ton/year) Types of plants 2009 2010 2011 Scallion (Allium sp.) 673,64 437,5 213,0 Red onion (Allium cepa) 186,96 47,6 2.685,0 Collards (Brassica chinensis) 429,66 472,5 862,0 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 540,02 955,5 555,5 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 662,96 75 245,4 59 Snaps 40,76 140 343,7 Cucumber (Cucumis sativum) 58,92 82,5 45,5 Beans (Vigna unguiculata) 272,52 16,5 178,2 Chili (Capsicum annum and C. frutescens) 165,15 163,2 112,2 - 29 162,0 Eggplant (Amaranthus spp.) 17,04 24 492,5 Kale (Ipomoea aquatica) 50,76 12 754,2 Terung (Solanum melongena) f. Plantantion farming Plantation species cultivated by local communities in the Valley of Napu include coffee and cocoa plant. In the last ten years, the local communities in the Valley of Napu prefer commercialize cocoa on land mostly planted gardens compared with coffee plants. They tend to choose cocoa because it is more profitable than coffee. Besides that, the price of cocoa beans more stable and easier to sells than coffee beans. Thus, area of coffee plantations tends to decline from year to year due to the conversion into cocoa. In general, the production of chocolate is not as good as in previous years and continues to decline results. Cocoa yield reduction can be seen in Table 8. Cocoa production in 2008 reached 645 tonnes, while in 2009 the production decreased by 50% which is only about 326.4 tons and in 2010 amounted to 338.63 tons. Cocoa prices at this time amounted to Rp 15,000 Rp. 16,000 per kilogram. The highest price ever received by cocoa farmers amounting to Rp. 20,000 per kilogram. Decline in cocoa production is attributed to the reduction in brown garden outside the area are also caused by lack of good cultivation techniques developed societies, such as lawn care, thinning systems, maintenance shade trees, irregular spacing and cleanliness of the garden. As a result, many garden pests and diseases primarily of fruit rot diseases that decrease production. Cultivation of cocoa by the local communities in the Valley of Napu was copied and adapted from the knowledge of migrant society of Napu which is from outside of the region. So, the knowledge acquisition of cultivation is still not yet fully as immigrant communities. Recent developments in the behavioural effects of changes in rainfall and increase in temperature as the understanding of climate change, has led to the emergence of pests and diseasesof cocoa. People 60 try various efforts to address pests and diseases problem such as creating smoke by burning the litter around the cocoa. Combusting organic materials and curing the garden area are expected to repel pests of cocoa and even kill plants. However, this method has not been widely known by public. This is quite reasonable because local communities’s culture does not even manage cocoa plantations hereditary habits. Based on public information of cocoa plantation owners, pests causing fruit rot can decrease in yield reached 30-50 % cocoa chocolate from the 50 to 80 kg per month. Table 10. Land Area and Plantation Coffee and Chocolate Production Year 2008-2010 Types of plants Coffee Cocholate Vanili Land area (ha) 2008 2009 Production (ton) 2010 2008 2009 2010 465 116,5 27 177 147,3 9,45 1.675 713 903 645 326,4 338,63 12 3 1 21,3 - - Source: Kecamatan Lore Utara Dalam Angka 2010, BPS Cocoa plantation area in 2009 decreased due to a rejuvenation in several locations by using superior cultivars derived from Research Center of Coffee and Cocoa in Jember, East Java, which was introduced by the Forestry Department. Introduction of new cultivars of Jember is not through trial and acclimation or adaptation to the region. This leads to concern about possibility of new problems such as susceptibility to pests and diseases of fruit rot. Some experiences in several areas such as in Serui show that the introduction of new cocoa cultivars has actually created a new problem by the emergence of pests and diseases of fruit rot and cause significant harm to cocoa plantations in the region. g. Effect of Agricultural Activity Against Climate Change Based on the results of research on the influence of climate change, according to the local communities in the Valley of Napu, show that climate change affects the outcome of farming. Most or 50% of the public believe that climate change has resulted in their earnings fell by more than 10% when compared to the previous. Picture of magnitude of the effect of climate change on farming results can be seen in Figure 27. 61 Figure 28. The effect of climatic condition change on farming activities. Source: Field data 2012 For example, the drought that occurred in 2005 has resulted in a decrease in rice yields of 25% and more than 40% cocoa. Climate change was also felt by the villagers Toro and has an influence on their agricultural operations. According to respondents, conditions of climate change are such as a change in temperature and weather changes lead them to become uncertain and unpredictable. It influences on agricultural activity especially in planting time of rice farming and cocoa crops. For rice farming activities, Toro villagers prefer to use an organic way than using artificial fertilizers. Organic rice farming of Toro might be the mainstay of farming products with labeling of organic products and agricultural products of the biosphere reserve. In addition, the Toro also has produced a unique tasty ginger coffee. Agricultural products from the Toro region can also "branding" as a biosphere reserve product and it will promote a high selling price. Based on field observations, the Toro stated that climate change might lead to behavioral cocoa crop losses by more than 5% compared to the previous periods. The effect of climate change on agricultural production can be seen in the following figure: 62 Figure 29. The effect of climatic change on farming activities of Toro Society. (Field Data on 2012) h. Efforts to confront climate change Pekurehua communities in the Valley of Napu have their own view in the face of climate change or weather which is occuring in their environment. Many relevant actions are taken by community as a strategy to tackle climate change and to seek how to increase the value of agricultural products independently. Local communities have sought a breakthrough on farming indicators that have economic and strategic opportunities for economic development continuously. Willingness to be independent was revealed based on the statement of questionnaire respondents in answering questions related to the strategy pursued, whether individually or in community based groups. This is because the people who successfully manage agricultural activities based on personal effort and most of them are migrant communities from another part of Sulawesi, Java and Bali. The following figure shows that the people who create the effort more independent (65%) compared to the way groups (35%) in fostering innovation and vegetable crops farming strategies. 63 Figure 30. The society effort face on climatic change. Source: Field data (2013) Based on data derived from the plant production of Napu Valley region, it shows that vegetable crops play an important role in people's lives in this region. For local communities, seeking horticultural crops, especially vegetables types which are adaptable to erratic weather conditions, requires a good strategy. Beside that, they also argue that organicfertilizers is needed to increase production and to be more environmentally friendly. The use of technology and organic fertilizer are guided and supported by the Department of Agriculture through counseling. Some efforts should be taken to increase community capacity in provisioning of organic fertilizer on their own, because it is still supplied from outside the Valley of Napu. People consider using organic fertilizers because of its good retained in soil when rainfall occured. Communities in the Valley Napu have a good opportunity to develop their own abundant natural resources. So far, management of natural resources has been pursued more independently so that the results have not been optimal yet. Therefore, it needs support from various parties, especially in developing adaptation strategies to climate change or erratic weather. Actually, the people in this region have undertaken some ways appropriately at this time in the face of the phenomenon of erratic weather changes, such as adjusting the pattern and timing of planting, but it still needs assistance of a technical nature related to choosing of crops, cropping patterns and planting time. It is explained from interviews with repondents stating as follows: 64 "... We realize that there are many opportunities to manage this area becomes more economic value, one of which we are looking for possibilities to grow apples on land that exists today. ... ". And develop other types of more profitable crops such as farming of plants flowers and fruit crops that have high economic value other than apples. The above statement implies that some people who have been aware at farming activities by introducing other horticultural crops consider its opportunities. However, public have not had the ability yet to implement and realize their own wish. Therefore, it needs much support from various stakeholders, especially local government, to be able to provide technical assistance in bridging the needs of community in managing and developing their land become productive and more profitable. Then, it also can provide measurement to face phenomenon of climate change or weather during the time of uncertainty. Some technical assistance might include development of new innovations and appropriate technology which are easily applied by public, such as water-saving in agriculture during water shortages, developing water reservoir system to prevent flooding and others. The two important of non- technical assistance to people are capital assistance and marketing. Napu Valley area is vegetables producer for Central Sulawesi and surrounding region, and even partly exported to Kalimantan and others, so that it is needed a better trading system leads to promote more profitable producer communities. In addition, vegetable processing company in the region is needed to increase economic value and to encourage increased development of vegetable farming in the region. The observation of people's views in developing adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change by managing natural resources and its environment is presented in the following figure: 65 Figure 31. Point of view of local people on the increasing capability effort to capability development on biodiversity management strategy face on the climate change. (Source: Field Data, 2013) i. Adaptation strategies to changing climatic elements and development In accordance with the research objectives that will observe local adaptation strategies in addressing climate change conditions, the main thing that needs to be explored is related to people's understanding of what is referred to climate change. Society of Napu incorporated in the village farmer groups Wuasa show that most or 59% of public view about climate change is uncertainty on temperature and weather conditions (amount of precipitation, number of rainy days, a period of rainy season and dry season period) in their neighborhood. Society believes that uncertainty on temperature and weather was affect current agricultural activity. Picture of people's views on climate change can be seen in the following graph: 66 Figure 32. Percentage of local society point of view on climatic change. Source: Field Data (2013) Climate change or changes in weather that felt by the people in Valley of Napu affecting farming activities are: (1) Air conditioning One of local perceptions about climate change is already an increase in air temperature, precipitation problems and erratic weather conditions (field observation, 2012). Data on changes in air temperature in this region is not available either. Changes in air temperature are based only on the results of perception observed about temperature which increase from year to year. Changes in air temperature in the region also helped influence the pattern of farming activity in the region. For example, it affects to the development of vegetables such as chickpeas, long beans and others. Some types of vegetables such as peas and beans have a good prospect in the Valley Napu and they can be developed in intercropping with other types of other vegetables. Increased temperatures might also lead to emergence of new pests in the region. For example, according to the public information that increased air temperature has led to enhance of rice borer attacks and they became more severe than ever been before. It is still necessary to provide scientific evidence. (2) Precipitation Rainfall conditions assumed by the people in Valley Pekurehua Napu are: 67 a) Excessive precipitation is the highest amount of rainfall each year which causes disruption to farming. For instance, flooded rice fields beyond necessary and cause damage to the rice crop; plantations (cocoa and coffee) get into stagnant water which lead to production failure; vegetable farming areas inundated failure of production, and others. b) Less rainfall is the lowest amount of rainfall for farming and has led to crop failure and loss as others as well. The consequences of lack of water is suffer in growth for rice plants and also experiencing drought in plantation area. c) Generally, the unpredictable precipitation can cause disruption of cropping patterns, time of planting, maintenance and other farm processes. (3) Changes in uncertain seasons Changes in the dry season and the rainy season are during the regular line with local knowledge have changed the time to be irregular according to the season calendar. These have caused irregular shifting of planting time. Planting time changes can affect in the risk of crop failure as depicted in the cropping calendar which is developed by societies. (4) Development of adaptation strategies Field observations indicate that local people simply develop adaptation strategies in order to cope with weather changes or uncertain climate or face the occurrence of extreme events such as drought or heavy rainfall which leads to flooding. The following table presents the results of identification of adaptation strategies developed by local community in Valley of Napu and community of Toro in the face of climate change. This study was also identify adaptation strategies developed by immigrant communities in developing farming activities, particularly concerning about horticultural crops like vegetables. 68 Table 11. Adaptation strategy of local community and alternatives development Local Knowledge Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Change Effects Strategy of Local Community Natural Resources Climate Management and Change Production Activities A. Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve 1. Rice Field Farming Development of Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy Weather Planting time 1. Adjusting planting time Adjusting planting time Condition can changed and according to changes weather simultaneously in all regions and not be predicted Planting pattern, conditions in the growing season using crop cultivars which is Production yield individually or a few members of the group Socialization and Coordination relatively the same age and adaptable 2. Using the new cultivars of rice 3. Toro communities construct a simple system of dams around the mountains to collect water (by government assistance) 4. Keeping forests from illegal activities by imposing a ban or enforcing customary law High Inundation of rice 1. Communities in the Valley of Build irrigation systems and build Precipitation cultivation which Napu are cleaning irrigation a water reservoir that can be can cause plants canals offset or water pockets that hold to rot and crop 2. Toro communities in the Valley water during the rainy season and failure of Kulawi develop irrigation provide water during the dry 69 systems (semi-technical) season integrated with the water tank of village equipped with a door that is able to regulate water and prevent surface water ponding water in paddy fields Precipitation Some rice fields 1. Regulating the distribution of Build irrigation systems and build Minimal and water water sourced from springs of Lore a water reservoir that can be shortages may Lindu National Park offset or water pockets that hold cause crop 2. Toro communities have been able water during the rainy season and failure to manage the distribution of water provide water during the dry throughout the year which is sourced season from springs in the environment, so that people of Toro can grow paddy throughout the year 2. Palawija Farming Unpredictable The community 1. Communities are planting types 1. Developing a farming system weather meet some of crops in the fields adjacent to by intercropping pattern conditions difficulties to water sources (multiple cropping and determining the 2. Cropping patterns are developed intercropping) of high economic time of planting by various other crops to reduce risk value crops as the main and crop failure of failure commodities 2. Building a water storage system (reservoir) that 70 provisions water stocks during dry season Conditions of Disturbed plant 1. Communities made drainage 1. Develop a drainage system in high precipitation growth and channel any area that is integrated with reduced 2. Communities is already develop irrigation system production some kind of staple crops in some 2. Develop intercropping systems places that have well drained soil that are integrated with crops and other annual crops Less rainfall Drought and 1. Communities is already trying to 1. Develop water collection conditions / production failure plant types of plants that are more system (reservoir) which resistant to drought provisions water stocks during 2. Communities are planting some dry season crops (potatoes and beans) in paddy 2. Develop intensive farming dike systems in the region adjacent to drought water sources 1. Plantation Farming Unpredictable Affect to crop 1. Maintaining the gardens remain 1. Developing plantation crops weather management clean and doing maintenance and (cocoa and coffee) by setting conditions activities and fertilization plant spacing up and planting production 2. Toro develops cocoa communities trees as a good protector, doing among forest plants (agroforestry) thinning and drainage canals. 2. The use of organic fertilizer and preventive action against pests and diseases by 71 conducting intensive lawn care Conditions of Growth disturbed 1. Local communities has done 1. Building a garden by high precipitation of cocoa and garden maintenance such as cleaning, planting system in optimal deciduous fruit, thinning and thinning both staple spacing according to rotten fruit pests crops and tree protectors to reduce biophysical conditions of increased and moisture. shade garden and optimal crop failure 2. Migrant communities in addition system settings according to to lawn care as item 1 are also the needs for optimal growing constructing garden drainage as a 2. Building a plantation system good drainage system 3. Toro Communities are pruning shade trees to reduce moisture in the gardens that refers to the rule of ecology through drainage system settings and keeps the garden well managed 3. Building agroforestry systems Low Fruit loss, crop 1. Local communities deal with 1. Building smallholders systems precipitation failure, impaired reduced leaf pruning by practicing agroforestry for condition harvesting 2. Toro Communities are pruning various types of economic plants tplant and shade trees as well 2. Keeping upstream region (Drought) remain green and rehabilitated 4. Vegetable Farming Unpredictable Impaired 1. Farming communities plant 1. Building vegetables farming weather vegetable vegetables in multiple cropping with a good drainage system that 72 conditions farming activity, systems to reduce risk of crop failure is integrated with irrigation impaired 2. Communities make choices by system planting time, planting vegetables which have the 2. Building multiple cropping impaired high sales value systems on vegetable farming by planting the high economic production value High Land condition, 1. People plant vegetables in raised 1. Building vegetables farming precipitation water saturated bed so it does not stagnate with a good drainage system that condition and impaired 2. Migrant communities build is integrated with irrigation plant growth, drainage systems to control system production waterlogging 2. Building multiple cropping decreased and systems on vegetable farming by failed harvesting planting the high economic value Low Field drought, 1. Migrant communities (vegetable 1. Introducing water-efficient precipitation plant yellowing farmer) make well and doing farming systems Condition or plants and crop watering 2. Building a water storage Drought failure 2. Migrant communities do watering system (reservoir) that (harvesting by transporting water from water provisions water stocks during failure) source through pumping and others dry season 73 4.0. CONCLUSION Adaptation and mitigation strategy research of biological resources management of local people in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve on climate change is aimed to: (a) identify the local knowledge of communities in the study area in utilizing of biological diversity and its environment as well as the way it is managed; (b) knowing the local knowledge of climate change and climatic variables determine behavior change based on weather and climatic elements of data (data source: Station Climatology and Geophysics in the study area and other data from BMG and others) and (c) knowing the socio-economic aspects of the community in the study area which are closely related to resource utilization biological resources and production systems. In accordance with all of them, the results of the study can be summarized as follows: (1) Local communities have a good knowledge about the biological resources including its diversity and its potential utilization. For example, the community in Valley of Napu and Kulawi recognize and utilize more than 300 species of useful plants to meet their life needs such as food, clothing materials, building materials, traditional medicines, dyes, ritual materials, wood materials, cosmetics materials, rope materials and some others. (2) Most of the local people in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve have knowledge of seasons and behavior. Farmer communities in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve have known better season behaviour in the region so that they create the pattern and timing of planting rice cultivation. (3) Local communities have knowledge about climate change and its impact on production activities, although it is only limited to understand the symptoms. For example, both of communities in the Valley of Napu and in Kulawi are familiar with the indications of climate change such as drought, heavy rain, temperatures getting warmer and unpredictable weather behaviour. (4) Local communities have knowledge about impact of climate change on production activities. For example, people in the Valley of Napu determine effect of prolonged drought and excessive rain instead of the production of coffee and cocoa. (5) Local communities in Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve have developed adaptation strategies to climate change phenomenon by adapting or reducing the loss of production activities in various ways. For example, people in the Valley of Napu and Kulawi pruning and cleaning of chocolate and constructing drainage channels in the event of excessive rainfall. 74 REFERENCES ADB.1994. ADB Annual Report. Annual Report of the Board of Directors to the Board of Governors reviews ADB's operations, projects, internal administration, financial management, funding, and regional highlights. Asian Development Bank. July 1994. BMG-Sulawesi Tengah. 2012. Data Pengamatan Variabel Iklim Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2008-2011 (Berupa data). Bappenas dan Bakornas PB. 2006. 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Cafee garden in Napu Valley Cacao garden in Napu Valley, Lore Lindu BR Field work with Prof. Purwanto Rice field in Napu Valley 78 Planting calender of rice Rice field in Napu Valley, Lore Lindu BR Napu Valley, Transition area of Lore Lindu BR Buffer zone of Lore Lindu BR Multiple cropping (cacao and vegetable) Vegetable garden, rice field and view of Napu Valley, LoreLindu BR 79 Rice field, agroforestry, and Lore Lindu National Park Lore Lindu National Park Megalith in Buffer Zone of Lore Lindu BR 80 81