Download Chapter 1: What is Biology

What is Biology?
Branches:
 Botany: ________________________________
 Zoology: _______________________________
9 Characteristics of Living Things:
__________________
____________________
__________________
____________________
__________________
____________________
__________________
____________________
__________________
Steps of the Scientific Method:
1. _________________ 5. __________________
2. _________________ 6. __________________
3. _________________ 7. __________________
4. _________________ 8. __________________
Hypothesis:
Experiment:
 Control group:
 Experimental group:
o Independent variable:
o Dependent variable:
Theory:
Safety in the Lab:
Biochemistry
Isotopes:
Bonding (2 types)
 Ionic:
 Covalent:
Water (H2O):
Diagram:
 Polar covalent compound
 Hydrogen bonding
 Most cells have ~70% water
Chemical Equations (Reactions)
 Hydrolysis: breaking down substances
 Condensation: building substances
o Also called a dehydration synthesis
pH
 Acids
 Bases
 Neutral
 pH scale
Organic Molecules: backbone of life
 Have the element _____________ in it
 4 types of organic compounds
1. Carbohydrates
 Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Building blocks: Monosaccharides
vs. Polysaccharides
 Functions:
 Ex: sugars, starches
2. Lipids
 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
 Building blocks: 3 fatty acids and a
glycerol molecule
 Functions:
 Examples:
3. Proteins
 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
 Building blocks: amino acids
 Functions:
 Examples: Enzymes
 Acts as a lock and key
 Acts as a catalyst to speed up
chemical reactions by lowering the
activation energy
4. Nucleic Acids
 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorous
 Building blocks: nucleotides
 Function:
 Examples:
Cells
 Robert Hooke: ___________________________
 Schleiden and Schwann: ___________________
1.
2.
3.
 Prokaryotic
vs.
Eukaryotic cells
 Levels of organization:
 Eukaryotic Cells:
 Plant cells
 Light microscope: simple or compound
o What can it view? ____________________
 Electron microscope: transmission or scanning
o What can it view? ____________________
 Field of view: high power (view smaller things) or
low power (view bigger things)
 Total magnification: eye lens x objective lens
Animal cells
Organelles:
Function
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Microscopes
vs.
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondria
Golgi body
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Lysosomes
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Nickname
 Cell specialization: __________________________
 Cell membrane
1. Structure
2. Lipid bilayer with proteins
 Hydrophobic: ______________________
 Hydrophilic: _______________________
Cell Transport (2 Types)
1. Passive Transport (goes with the concentration
gradient: H  L)
 Diffusion: __________________________
 Facilitated diffusion: __________________
 Osmosis: __________________________
o Hypertonic solution:________________
o Hypotonic solution: ________________
o Isotonic solution: __________________
2. Active Transport (goes against the concentration
gradient: LH)
 Uses __________ ____________
 Transports larger substances
 Endocytosis:
 Exocytosis:
Energy in Cells, Photosynthesis, Cell
Respiration
 ATP: energy of a cell
o Adenosine Triphosphate
o Diagram:
 Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
o Light energy
o In plant cells only
o Building reaction  makes food (sugar)
o Takes place in chlorophyll (chloroplasts)
o 2 reactions:
 Light-dependent (light reactions)
 Light-independent (dark reactions or
Calvin Cycle)
 White light: ROYGBIV
o Most light for photosynthesis is from red,
blue, and violet part of spectrum
 Chemosynthesis: makes food using chemicals
(no light)
 Autotrophs: _____________________________
 Heterotrophs: ___________________________
 Cell respiration:
o Chemical energy
o In plant and animal cells
o C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
o 1st step: Glycolysis  in the cytoplasm
(makes 2 ATP)
If no O2
Anaerobic (Fermentation)
 Lactic acid
 Alcoholic
 No ATP made
If O2
Aerobic (in mitochondria)
 Pyruvic acid conversion
 Citric acid (Krebs) cycle
 Electron transport chain
 Makes 36 ATP
 2 types of cell division:
Mitosis
Meiosis
 1 division
 2 divisions
 Somatic (body) cells
 2n  n
 Daughter cells
 Formation of
identical to parent
gametes
 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
 1  4 different
 1  2 identical cells
cells
 2n  2n
 Each cell has 23
chromosomes
Structure of a chromosome:
= 38 ATP
Cell Growth and Reproduction
 Limits to cell size:
o Diffusion not efficient over long distances
o Surface area to volume ratio
o DNA cannot make enough proteins for big
cell
 Cell cycle: Interphase, PMAT, Cytokinesis
o 2n= ___________ which = ____________
o n = ___________ which = _____________
 Steps of Mitosis: PMAT (asexual reproduction)
 Human chromosomes:
o Somatic (body cells): ________________
o Gametes (sex cells): _________________
 Steps of meiosis: Meiosis I and II
o Sexual reproduction
o PMAT I and II
o Egg + sperm = zygote (fertilized egg)
DNA
 DNA: ________________________________
 RNA: ________________________________
 Watson and Crick: ________________________
 Shape of DNA: __________________________
 4 nitrogen bases:
o Adenine-A
o Thymine-T
o Guanine-G
o Cytosine-C
DNA
RNA
Name:
Sugar:
Protein Synthesis:
 Making _________
o Chain of _______ ________
 Where does this happen? _______________
 2 steps:
o Transcription
 Where does it happen? _____________
 What is made? ____________________
o Translation
 Where does it happen? ______________
 What is made? _____________________
Shape:
Location in cell:
Nitrogen bases:
Codon:___________________
DNA Replication:
 What happens?
 How does it happen?
 When does it happen?
 Result: ½ _______ and ½
_______
3 Types of RNA:
 Messenger RNA: carries DNA’s instructions out
of the ____________ to the _____________
 Ribosomal RNA: _____________________
 Transfer RNA: _______________________
Genetics
 Gregor Mendel: pea plants
o 3 laws (principles)
 Dominance
 Segregation
 Independent assortment
 Genotypes:
Phenotypes:
o TT: homozygous dominant
Tall
o Tt: heterozygous
Tall
o tt: homozygous recessive
Short
 Homozygous: _________________________
 Heterozygous: ________________________
 Crosses (Punnett Squares)
o Monohybrid cross (1 trait)
 Ex: Tt x Tt
enotypic ratio: 1:2:1
Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
o Dihybrid cross (2 traits)
 Ex: TtBb x TtBb
TB
Tb
tB
 If offspring are tall and short, the
genotype is Tt
Incomplete dominance: _______________________
 Ex: red + white = pink
 Ex: cat with no tail + cat with long tail = cat with
short tail
Codominance:_______________________________
 Ex: black chicken + white chicken = speckled or
checkered chicken
 Ex: red cows + white cows= roan cows (red and
white patches)
Sex-linked (X-linked) disorders: found on _________
 Hemophilia: _____________________________
G
 Red-green colorblindness: _________________
 Why does this mostly affect males? __________
________________________
tb
TB
Tb
tB
tb
 Test Cross
o Done to determine the genotype of a parent
o Ex: tall plant  is its genotype TT or Tt?
 Cross the tall plant with a short plant (tt)
to find out
 If all offspring are tall, the genotype is ___
Pedigrees: map ______________________________
: _____________
: _____________
Normal:
Carrier:
Has trait:
Married:
Has children:
Karyotype: picture of __________________________
 Can detect aneuploidies (wrong # of
chromosomes)
o Ex: Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
o Caused by nondisjunction: ___________
_______________________
Polygenic traits: _____________________________
Multiple alleles:______________________________
 Blood typing (3 alleles: IA,IB, and i)
o Charles Drew: _______________________
Genotypes
o Whole parts of _________ involved
Gene Mapping: Human Genome Project
 Cloning: _______________________________
 Transgenic organism: ____________________
o Ex:
Gene Therapy: used to treat genetic disorders
(changing DNA)
Phenotypes
Gel Electrophoresis: DNA is cut into different sized
fragments
 Apply an electric current to move DNA fragments
o Smaller fragments move ____________
Recombinant DNA: used to ____________________
Human Heredity
 23 pairs of chromosomes
 Genetic disorders: a lot are recessive
o PKU: _______________________________
o Sickle-cell anemia: ____________________
o Cystic fibrosis: _______________________
o Tay-Sachs: __________________________
 Dominant genetic disorder: _________________
Mutations:
 Point mutation: 1 base pair is affected
o Ex: substitution
 Frameshift mutation: 1 base pair is _______ or
_________
 Chromosomal mutations
o Addition, deletion, insertion, inversion
DNA Fingerprinting: comparing DNA
 Used to identify individuals (suspects, paternity)
 Who has exact DNA? _________________
Early Earth
 Earth’s history: 4 eras: __________, __________,
____________, and ____________
Fossil record
Vestigial structures
Comparative embryology
 Fossils and the fossil record: _________________
____________________________
Origin of Life:
 Alexander Oparin: ___________ “primordial soup”
 Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation): ________
______________________________
 Biogenesis: _____________________________
 Francesco Redi: _______________________
 Louis Pasteur: ________________________
 Their experiments disproved abiogenesis
 Miller and Urey: recreated conditions of early earth
in a lab to see if they could produce the believed
1st organic molecules
Evolution
Evolution means: _____________________________
Charles Darwin
 Wrote ___________________________________
 Natural selection (visited Galapagos Islands)
o Studied finches and tortoises
o “Survival of the Fittest”
 The best adapted will survive and
reproduce
 Evidence for Evolution:
Biochemistry
Homologous structures
Patterns of Evolution:
 Convergent evolution: NOT related but look
alike
o Ex: dolphin and a shark
 Divergent evolution: from a common ancestor
o Adaptive radiation
Classification/Taxonomy
 How organisms are classified
 Aristotle: plant or animal
 Linnaeus: modern system  binomial nomenclature
o Scientific names are in Latin
o 1st name: _________ 2nd name: ________
o Humans: __________ __________
6 Kingdoms:
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
K: ________________ (Largest)
P: _______________
C: ______________
O: ____________
F: ___________
G: __________
S: _________ (most specific)


Dichotomous Key: way to identify and classify an
organism by using ___________________________
Bacteria and Viruses
Viruses:
 Structure:
o Outer protein coat (_________) and an
inner core of DNA or RNA
 NONLIVING
 Can only reproduce in a ____________
 2 life cycles: short (__________) and long
(____________)
 Viral replication  kills host cell in the process
o How do you treat a virus? _____________
Bacteria:
 Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? ________________
 Structure:
o 3 shapes:
 Coccus: ________
 Bacillus: ________
 Spirilla: _________
o 3 arrangements:
 Diplo-: ___________


 Strepto-: __________
 Staphylo-: __________
Used to be known in the kingdom MONERA
and were called monerans
o Now in 2 groups:
 Archaebacteria: ________________
 Eubacteria: ____________________
Alexander Fleming (1928)
o Discovered penicillin (1st antibiotic) from
bread mold
 How it kills: ____________________
______________________________
Good bacteria: found in ________ and
__________________
Bad bacteria: called ______________
Protists and Fungi
Protists:
 Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? _______________
 Protozoans: ____________________________
 Algae: ________________________________
o Carry out _____________________
 Decomposers: __________________________
Fungi:
 Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeast), and
heterotrophs
 Cell walls made of ______________
 Zygomycotes: produce ________________
o Ex: ______________________________
 Ascomycotes: produce ________________ in
an __________
o Ex: ______________________________
 Basidiomycotes: produce ______________ in a
____________
o Ex: ______________________________
 Deuteromycotes are called ______________
fungi
o Ex: ______________________________
 Importance: are decomposers, aid in alcoholic
fermentation, make foods
 Can be harmful: can act as parasite on plants
and animals, can be poisonous, can cause
disease
Plants
 Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs
 3 main structures:
o Roots: ____________________________
o Stems: ____________________________
o Leaves: ___________________________
 Cell walls made of _______________
 Stomata (stoma): ________________________
 Guard cells: _____________________________
 Diagram:
 Monocots vs. Dicots:
# of seed
leaves
Veins in
leaves
Vascular
bundles
Flower
parts
Monocot
Dicot
Vascular vs. Nonvascular plants
 Nonvascular  _____________ (example: mosses)
 Vascular  _____________, _________________,
and ________________
 Has xylem (carries __________) and
phloem (carries ___________)
Plant reproduction
 Male parts: ________________________________
 Female parts: ______________________________
 Pollination: ________________________________
 Fertilization: _________ + ________ = __________
 Germination: ______________________________
Plant hormones: ______________________________
 Auxins: ________________________________
 Gibberellins: ____________________________
 Cytokinins: ______________________________
Tropism:
 Hydrotropism: ___________________________
 Phototropism: ___________________________
 Geo/gravitropism: ________________________
 Thigmotropism: __________________________
Animals




Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs
Invertebrates: _________________________
Vertebrates: __________________________
Do they have a cell wall? _______________
Phylum
Examples
Porifera
Coelenterates (Cnidarians)
Mollusca: Univalves
Mollusca: Bivalves
Mollusca: Cephalopods
Annelids
Platyhelminthes
Nematodes
Arthropods: Arachnids
Arthropods: Insects
Arthropods: Myriapods
Arthropods: Crustaceans
Echinoderms
Behavior: ___________________________________
 Innate behavior: _________________________
 Learned behavior: ________________________
o Imprinting: ______________________________
o Conditioning: ____________________________
o Habituation: _____________________________
o Dominance hierarchy: _____________________
o Circadian rhythm: ________________________
o Nocturnal: ______________________________
o Diurnal: ________________________________
o Hibernation: _____________________________
o Estivation: ______________________________
o Courtship: ______________________________
Type:
Characteristics:
Covering:
Fish
Warm or cold-blooded?
Internal or external
fertilization?
How are eggs laid?
Limbs:
Covering:
Warm or cold-blooded?
Internal or external
Amphibians
fertilization?
How are eggs laid?
Limbs:
Covering:
Warm or cold-blooded?
Internal or external
Reptiles
fertilization?
How are eggs laid?
Limbs:
Covering:
Warm or cold-blooded?
Internal or external
Birds
fertilization?
How are eggs laid?
Limbs:
Covering:
Warm or cold-blooded?
Internal or external
Mammals
fertilization?
How are eggs laid?
Limbs:
Examples:
Carbon cycle:
Human Body
All body systems make work together to maintain
_______________.
Body System
Structures
Function
Integumentary
 Problems with the carbon cycle:
Nitrogen cycle:
 Nitrogen gas cannot be used by plants
 Must be converted into a usable form
(_________ _________) done by bacteria
Circulatory
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary/Excretory
Skeletal
Muscular
Immune
White blood cells,
antibodies
Fight infection
pituitary, thyroid,
adrenals, pancreas
Hormone
production
Nervous
Reproductive
Endocrine
Ecology
Water cycle:
 Problems with the water cycle:
Ecology: The study of ________________________
 3 parts to the biosphere: _________________
 Biotic vs. abiotic factors:
o Biotic: _____________________________
o Abiotic: ____________________________
species  population  community  ecosystem 
biome
 Habitat: ________________________________
 Niche: _________________________________
 Predator: ______________________________
 Prey: who is being hunted and eaten
Ultimate source of energy is the SUN!!
Symbiosis: Close relationship between 2 organisms
 Mutualism: _____________________________
 Parasitism: _____________________________
 Commensalism: _________________________
Getting energy:
 Producers: _____________________________
o Examples:
 Consumers: ____________________________
o Examples:
o
o
o
o
o
Herbivores:
Carnivores:
Omnivores:
Scavengers:
Decomposers:
Biomes: based on ___________________________
 Terrestrial or aquatic
 Examples: tundra, desert, grassland, tropical
rainforest…etc.
Food chain: _________________________________
 Example:
Food web: __________________________________
 Example:

 Only 10% of energy gets passed on
Succession
 Change in the environment over time (occurs in
__________)
 Primary succession: starts with bare land
o Pioneer species: _____________________
 Secondary succession: starts with some life but
has been disrupted
 Climax community: ______________________
 Carrying capacity: population has reached the
_____________________ it can support
J-Curve:
S-Curve: