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THE JOURNAL OF ROMAN STUDIES VOLUME 106 (2016) CONTENTS ARTICLES ÁBEL TAMÁS, Erroneous Gazes: Lucretian Poetics in Catullus 64, 1–20 CLARE ROWAN, Ambiguity, Iconology and Entangled Objects on Coinage of the Republican World, 21–57 CELIA E. SCHULTZ, Roman Sacrifice, Inside and Out, 58–76 ELEANOR COWAN, Contesting Clementia: the Rhetoric of Severitas in Tiberian Rome before and after the Trial of Clutorius Priscus, 77–101 VIRGINIA CLOSS, Neronianis Temporibus: the So-Called Arae Incendii Neroniani and the Fire of A.D. 64 in Rome’s Monumental Landscape, 102–123 MARTIN BECKMANN, Trajan’s Column and Mars Ultor, 124–146 BENEDIKT ECKHARDT, Romanization and Isomorphic Change in Phrygia: the Case of Private Associations, 147–171 PAUL SCHUBERT, On the Form and Content of the Certificates of Pagan Sacrifice, 172– 198 SURVEY ARTICLE CARLO PAVOLINI, A Survey of Excavations and Studies on Ostia (2004–2014), 199–236 REVIEW ARTICLES JOHN MARINCOLA, Shored Against Our Ruins (T. J. Cornell (ed.); E. H. Bispham, J. Briscoe, T. J. Cornell, A. Drummond, B. M. Levick, S. J. Northwood, S. P. Oakley, M. P. Pobjoy, J. W. Rich and C. J. Smith, The Fragments of the Roman Historians. Volume 1: Introduction; Volume 2: Texts and Translations; Volume 3: Commentary), 237–248 MARIOS COSTAMBEYS, The Legacy of Theoderic (J. J. Arnold, Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Restoration; M. S. Bjornlie, Politics and Tradition between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: a Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae 527–554; D. Laccetti (ed.), Cassiodoro, Roma immaginaria. Sulle ceneri del più grande impero l’Utopia di un nuovo stato. Le Variae e l’Italia di Teoderico tra rimpianto e speranza; S. D. W. Lafferty, Law and Society in the Age of Theoderic the Great. A Study of the Edictum Theoderici; G. Marconi, Ennodio e la nobilità gallo-romana nell’Italia Ostrogota; P. Porena, L’insediamento degli Ostrogoti in Italia; M. Vitiello, Theodahad: A Platonic King at the Collapse of Ostrogothic Italy), 249–263 REVIEWS (in alphabetical order) Albers, J., Campus Martius. Die urbane Entwicklung des Marsfeldes von der Republik bis zur mittleren Kaiserzeit (by Carlos F. Noreña), 285 Beresford, J., The Ancient Sailing Season (by Philip de Souza), 317 Blackman, D. and B. Rankov with K. Baika, H. Gerding, J. Pakkanen and J. Mckenzie, Shipsheds of the Ancient Mediterranean (by Philip de Souza), 317 Blake, E., Social Networks and Regional Identity in Bronze Age Italy (by Peter Attema), 265 Blouin, K., Triangular Landscapes: Environment, Society and the State in the Nile Delta under Roman Rule (by Jane Rowlandson), 305 Boislève, J., A. Dardenay and F. Monier (Eds), Peintures et stucs d’époque romaine. Révéler l’architecture par l’étude du décor: Actes du 26e Colloque de l’AFPMA, Strasbourg, 16 et 17 novembre 2012 (by Thomas Lappi), 311 Bonghi Jovino, M. and G. Bagnasco Gianni (Eds), Tarquinia: il santuario dell’Ara della Regina: i templi arcaici (by Ingrid Edlund-Berry), 269 Borbonus, D., Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome (by EmmaJayne Graham), 284 Brandon, C. J., R. L. Hohlfelder, M. D. Jackson and J. P. Oleson, Building for Eternity: the History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea (by Linn W. Hobbs), 314 Bruun, C. and J. Edmondson (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (by M. H. Crawford), 331 Cannatà, M., La Colonia Latina di Vibo Valentia (by Kathryn Lomas), 270 Casiday, A., Reconstructing the Theology of Evagrius Ponticus: Beyond Heresy (by Jonathan L. Zecher), 370 Clark, J. H., Triumph in Defeat: Military Loss in the Roman Republic (by Michael P. Fronda), 277 Cribiore, R., Libanius the Sophist: Rhetoric, Reality, and Religion in the Fourth Century (by Richard Flower), 364 Coarelli, F., Collis: il Quirinale e il Viminale nell’antichità (by Alexander Thein), 288 Connolly, J., The Life of Roman Republicanism (by Hannah J. Swithinbank), 274 Cornell, T. and O. Murray (Eds), The Legacy of Arnaldo Momigliano (by Neville Morley), 327 Demacopoulos, G. E., The Invention of Peter: Apostolic Discourse and Papal Authority in Late Antiquity (by Julia Hillner), 373 Dessales, H., Le Partage de l’eau. Fontaines et distribution hydraulique dans l’habitat urbain de l’Italie romaine (by Julian Richard), 309 De Vos Raaijmakers, M. and R. Attoui, Rus Africum: Tome I. Le paysage rural antique autour de Dougga et Téboursouk: cartographie, relevés et chronologie des établissements (by R. Bruce Hitchner), 307 De Vos Raaijmakers, M., R. Attoui, A. Battisti and M. Boeijen, Rus Africum: Tome II. Le paysage rural antique autour de Dougga: l’aqueduc Aïn Hammam-Thugga, cartographie et relevés (by R. Bruce Hitchner), 307 De Vos Raaijmakers, M., R. Attoui and A. Battisti, Rus Africum: Tome III. La via a Karthagine Thevestem, ses milliares et le réseau routier rural de la region de Dougga et Téboursouk (by R. Bruce Hitchner), 307 Dey, H. W., The Afterlife of the Roman City: Architecture and Ceremony in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (by Gareth Sears), 378 Doody, J., K. Kloos and K. Paffenroth (Eds), Augustine and Apocalyptic (by Paula Fredriksen), 372 Drogula, F. K., Commanders and Command in the Roman Republic and Early Empire (by J. W. Rich), 279 Dutsch, D., S. L. James and D. Konstan (Eds), Women in Roman Republican Drama (by Anise K. Strong), 340 Elsner, J. and M. Meyer (Eds), Art and Rhetoric in Roman Culture (by Ellen Perry), 325 Esposito, D., La Pittura di Ercolano (by Mantha Zarmakoupi), 300 Feitosa, L. C., The Archaeology of Gender, Love and Sexuality in Pompeii (by Anna Anguissola), 297 Fletcher, R., Apuleius’ Platonism: the Impersonation of Philosophy (by Ken Dowden), 356 Fotheringham, L. S., Persuasive Language in Cicero’s Pro Milone: A Close Reading and Commentary (by Brian Krostenko), 343 Friedland, E. A. and M. Grunow Sobocinski with E. K. Gazda, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture (by Diane Atnally Conlin), 323 Fulminante, F., The Urbanization of Rome and Latium Vetus: from the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era (by Ralph Häussler), 266 Garcia Barraco, M. E. (Ed.), Il Mausoleo di Augusto: monumento funebre e testamento epigrafico del primo imperatore romano: XIV D.C.–MMXIV D.C., bimillenario della morte di Augusto (by Dorian Borbonus), 289 Gee, E., Aratus and the Astronomical Tradition (by C. Castelletti), 346 Gunderson, E., The Sublime Seneca: Ethics, Literature, Metaphysics (by R. Scott Smith), 348 Häuber, C., The Eastern Part of the Mons Oppius in Rome: the Sanctuary of Isis et Serapis in Regio III, the Temples of Minerva Medica, Fortuna Virgo and Dea Syria, and the Horti of Maecenas (by James C. Anderson, Jr.), 287 Hawkins, T., Iambic Poetics in the Roman Empire (by Kevin Wilkinson), 336 Houston, G. W., Inside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and their Management in Antiquity (by Matthew C. Nicholls), 334 Jacobs II, P. W. and D. A. Conlin, Campus Martius: the Field of Mars in the Life of Ancient Rome (by Carlos F. Noreña), 285 Johnson, A. and J. Schott (Eds), Eusebius of Caesarea: Tradition and Innovations (by Matthew R. Crawford), 369 Jones, C. P., Between Pagan and Christian (by Carlos R. Galvao-Sobrinho), 368 Kalas, G., The Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity: Transforming Public Space (by Robert R. Chenault), 376 Kay, P., Rome’s Economic Revolution (by Peter Fibiger Bang), 316 Keegan, P., Roles for Men and Women in Roman Epigraphic Culture and Beyond: Gender, Social Identity and Cultural Practice in Private Latin Inscriptions and the Literary Record (by Abigail Graham), 295 Keller, D., J. Price and C. Jackson (Eds), Neighbours and Successors of Rome: Traditions of Glass Production and Use in Europe and the Middle East in the Later 1st Millennium AD (by Paul T. Nicholson), 380 König, J. and G. Woolf (Eds), Encyclopaedism from Antiquity to the Renaissance (by Cynthia Damon), 332 Laehn, T. R., Pliny’s Defense of Empire (by Mary Beagon), 355 Larmour, D. H. J., The Arena of Satire: Juvenal’s Search for Rome (by James Uden), 352 Le Bohec, Y., La Guerre romaine: 58 avant J.-C.–235 après J.-C. (by Michael M. Sage), 280 Lindner, M. M., Portraits of the Vestal Virgins, Priestesses of Rome (by Rachel Kousser), 326 Luke, T. S., Ushering in a New Republic: Theologies of Arrival at Rome in the First Century BCE (by Paul Burton), 276 Lusnia, S. S., Creating Severan Rome: The Architecture and Self-Image of L. Septimius Severus (AD193–211) (by Clare Rowan), 292 Maire, B., ‘Greek’ and ‘Roman’ in Latin Medical Texts: Studies in Cultural Change and Exchange in Ancient Medicine (by Christine F. Salazar), 319 Marder, T. A. and M. Wilson Jones (Eds), The Pantheon: from Antiquity to the Present (by Niccolò Mugnai), 290 Martelli, F. K. A., Ovid’s Revisions: The Editor as Author (by Thea S. Thorsen), 345 Massarelli, R., I Testi etruschi su piombo (by James Clackson), 264 May, R., Apuleius: Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass, Book 1 (by Luca Graverini), 358 McConnell, S., Philosophical Life in Cicero’s Letters (by James E. G. Zetzel), 341 Michaelides, D. (Ed.), Medicine and Healing in the Ancient Mediterranean World (by Christine F. Salazar), 319 Milnor, K., Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii (by R. Benefiel), 298 Montiglio, S., Love and Providence: Recognition in the Ancient Novel (by James Pletcher), 359 Mulryan, M., Spatial ‘Christanisation’ in Context: Strategic Intramural Building in Rome from the 4th–7th C. AD (by Riccardo Santangeli Valenzani), 374 Murano, F., Le Tabellae Defixionum Osche (by Nicholas Zair), 330 Nechaeva, E., Embassies – Negotiations – Gifts: Systems of East Roman Diplomacy in Late Antiquity (by Alexander Sarantis), 384 Nicholson, P. T., Working in Memphis, the Production of Faience at Roman Period Kom Helul (by Susanne Greiff), 313 Nicols, J., Civic Patronage in the Roman Empire (by Arjan Zuiderhoek), 303 Nielsen, I., Housing the Chosen: the Architectural Context of Mystery Groups and Religious Associations in the Ancient World (by Douglas Ryan Boin), 282 Olivito, R., Il Foro nell’atrio: immagini di architetture, scene di vita e di mercato nel fregio dai praedia di Iulia Felix (Pompei, II, 4, 3) (by Mantha Zarmakoupi), 300 Oppedisano, F., L’impero d’occidente negli anni di Maioriano (by Kristina Sessa), 385 Papaioannou, S. (Ed.), Terence and Interpretation (by Ariana Traill), 339 Pelttari, A., The Space that Remains: Reading Latin Poetry in Late Antiquity (by Bret Mulligan), 363 Poulou-Papadimitriou, N., E. Nodarou and V. Kilikoglou (Eds), LRCW4: Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean. Archaeology and Archaeometry: the Mediterranean, a Market without Frontiers (by James Gerrard), 382 Power, T. and R. K. Gibson (Eds), Suetonius the Biographer: Studies in Roman Lives (by Mark Bradley), 354 Rapp, C. and H. A. Drake (Eds), The City in the Classical and Post-Classical World: Changing Contexts of Power and Identity (by Arjan Zuiderhoek), 303 Richlin, A., Arguments with Silence: Writing the History of Roman Women (by Bonnie Maclachlan), 294 Roberts, C., Edward Gibbon and the Shape of History (by Paul Cartledge), 386 Roman, L., Poetic Autonomy in Ancient Rome (by Francesca Martelli), 335 Schwartz, S., The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad (by Sarah Pearce), 281 Shaw, P. (Ed.), The Eternal Letter: two Millennia of the Classical Roman Capital (by Mujadad Zaman), 328 Simon, C., Römisches Zaumzeug aus Pompeji, Herculaneum und Stabiae: Metallzäume, Trensen und Kandaren (by Sebastian Schuckelt), 299 Sojc, N., A. Winterling and U. Wilf-Rheidt (Eds), Palast und Stadt im severischen Rom (by Clare Rowan), 292 Spadea, R. (Ed.), Kroton: studi e ricerche sulla polis achea e il suo territorio (by Edward Herring), 268 Spaltenstein, F., Commentaire des fragments dramatiques de Naevius (by J. T. Welsh), 338 Steel, C. E. W., The End of the Roman Republic, 146 to 44 BC: Conquest and Crisis (by John R. Patterson), 275 Stek, T. D. and J. Pelgrom (Eds), Roman Republican Colonization: New Perspectives from Archaeology and Ancient History (by Kathryn Lomas), 270 Stek, T. D. and G.-J. Burgers (Eds), The Impact of Rome on Cult Places and Religious Practices in Ancient Italy (by Saskia T. Roselaar), 272 Tarrant, R. J., Texts, Editors, and Readers: Methods and Problems in Latin Textual Criticism (by S. P. Oakley), 360 Tissol, G. (Ed.), Ovid: Epistulae Ex Ponto, Book I (by Charilaos N. Michalopoulos), 344 Trout, D., Damasus of Rome: the Epigraphic Poetry. Introduction, Texts, Translation and Commentary (by Geoffrey D. Dunn), 375 Uden, J., The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome (by Tom Geue), 350 Upson-Saia, K., C. Daniel-Hughes and A. J. Batten (Eds), Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity (by Ellen Swift), 322 Van den Berg, C. S., The World of Tacitus’ Dialogus de Oratoribus: Aesthetics and Empire in Ancient Rome (by Holly Haynes), 353 Van Hoof, L., Libanius: a Critical Introduction (by Richard Flower), 364 Venturini, F., I Mosaici di Cirene di età ellenistica e romana: un secolo di scoperte (by Ruth Westgate), 312 Washburn, D. A., Banishment in the Later Roman Empire, 284–476 CE (by Dirk Rohmann), 383 Watts, E. J., The Final Pagan Generation (by Carlos Machado), 367 Weiss, Z., Public Spectacles in Roman and Late Antique Palestine (by Michael Carter), 379 Wienand, J. (Ed.), Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD (by Alexander Skinner), 361 Wildberger, J. and M. L. Colish (Eds), Seneca Philosophus (by R. Scott Smith), 347 JRS 2016 ABSTRACTS Ábel Tamás: Erroneous Gazes: Lucretian Poetics in Catullus 64 This article argues for a ‘reciprocal intertextuality’ between Catullus 64 and Lucretius anticipating the poetic interplays of Augustan poets with the De Rerum Natura. Catullus’ wedding guests (proto-readers), Ariadne (proto-Narcissus), and Aegeus (proto-Dido) are interpreted here as errantes in the Lucretian sense: through their erroneous gazes presented in Poem 64, they all exemplify how not to gaze at the structure of the universe. In the LucretioCatullan intertextual space — generated, as it seems, by the Catullan text — a reciprocal way of reading emerges: while, on the one hand, ‘Catullus’ uses ‘Lucretius’ to show that the aesthetic experience he offers is dependent upon an erroneous, unLucretian gaze/reading which deprives us of the external spectator position, ‘Lucretius’, on the other hand, uses ‘Catullan’ characters as deterrent examples in order to teach us how not to submerge in ‘Catullus’ poetics of illusion’. Clare Rowan: Ambiguity, Iconology and Entangled Objects on Coinage of the Republican World The provincial coinage of the Roman Empire has proven to be a rich source for studying civic experiences of Roman rule, but the coins struck outside Rome during the expansion of the Roman Republic have, by contrast, received relatively little attention. This article aims to begin redressing this neglect by exploring the active rôle of coinage in conceptualizing and representing Roman Republican power. A variety of approaches to this neglected material are employed in order to highlight its potential as a source. Ambiguity, iconology, and entanglement are used as frameworks to explore case studies from across the Roman Republican world, from Spain to Syria. This approach to coin imagery under the Republic reveals the complexity and variety in which the Roman presence, and Roman imperium, was represented before the advent of the Principate. Celia E. Schultz: Roman Sacrifice, Inside and Out The ‘insider-outsider problem’ has had little impact on the study of religion in pre-Christian Rome. Classicists generally assume that the modern idea of sacrifice as the ritual killing of an animal applies to the Roman context. This study argues, however, that the apparent continuity is illusory in some important ways and that we have lost sight of some fine distinctions that the Romans made among the rituals they performed. Sacrificium included vegetal and inedible offerings, and it was not the only Roman ritual that had living victims. Roman sacrificium is both less and more than the typical etic notion of sacrifice. Eleanor Cowan: Contesting Clementia: the Rhetoric of Severitas in Tiberian Rome before and after the Trial of Clutorius Priscus This article examines a discussion about punishment which took place in Tiberian Rome. Should clementia or severitas inform the decisions of the judges and what was the proper relationship between the authority of the senate and the clementia of the princeps? My argument has five parts. I begin (I) by examining clementia and severitas in the work of Velleius Paterculus. I next (II) examine Velleius’ presentation of Tiberius as a figure who adjudicates punishment in his community. I then (III and IV) argue that Velleius’ ideas were the product of and sought to contribute to controversy about the ownership and use of clementia which can be tracked though Tiberius’ principate. Finally (V), I suggest that Tacitus made use of the rhetoric of clementia and severitas current in Tiberian Rome and that it influenced his reading of saevitia under the Principate. Virginia Closs: Neronianis Temporibus: the So-Called Arae Incendii Neroniani and the Fire of A.D. 64 in Rome’s Monumental Landscape This essay examines the evidence for the Domitianic ‘Arae Incendii Neroniani’, a presumed set of monumental altars dedicated to Vulcan in fulfilment of a vow dating back to the Neronian Fire of A.D. 64. A close reading of the text of the dedicatory inscription creates a framework for exploring the larger historical and cultural context of these monuments, which offer a significant illustration of Flavian rhetoric concerning Rome’s post-Neronian transformation. Reaffirming Julio-Claudian notions of civic identity, collective memory, and the ruler’s privileged relationship with the gods, the Arae also constitute a conspicuous form of posthumous reproach to Nero. Martin Beckmann: Trajan’s Column and Mars Ultor This paper makes two arguments. The first is that Trajan deliberately orchestrated the dedication of his Column on 12 May, the anniversary of the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor, to coincide with the beginning of a new war against Parthia in A.D. 113. The second is that although most modern commentators focus on the function of Mars Ultor as avenger of Caesar, the evidence of his actual invocation from the late first century B.C. through the third century A.D. more strongly supports another interpretation: as agent of vengeance against foreign enemies, and against Parthia/Persia in particular. Benedikt Eckhardt: Romanization and Isomorphic Change in Phrygia: the Case of Private Associations Romanization in the province of Asia did not manifest itself in linguistic or cultural changes, but is very visible in a trend towards corporate organization. In the cities of western and southern Phrygia, professional associations developed that were able to gain a prominent position alongside the civic institutions. It is possible to relate this process to incentives provided by Roman law. In the villages surrounding these cities, and especially in the rural areas of northern and eastern Phrygia, the conditions were different, but there are several indications that a new preference for formal organization and its epigraphic representation developed here as well. Paul Schubert: On the Form and Content of the Certificates of Pagan Sacrifice Certificates of sacrifice (libelli) were produced during the so-called persecution of Decius (A.D. 250), which is documented through the testimony of Christian authors and through original certificates preserved on papyrus. The aim of this article is to offer a more detailed perspective on some specific points in the procedure as regards the production of the papyri. Although Decius’ edict did not produce an instant and decisive change in the religious balance of the Empire, the procedure that was put in place nonetheless testifies to the effectiveness of the existing structure, and also to the capacity of the officials to adapt this structure so as to obtain maximum compliance from the population. Carlo Pavolini: A Survey of Excavations and Studies on Ostia (2004–2014) The paper is a bibliographical and critical survey of the archaeological research on ancient Ostia and Portus in the decade 2004–2014. The first part deals with some general themes, such as cults, architectural typologies and urban history, decoration: wall-paintings, mosaics and marble, the guilds and their seats, trades, etc. The second part is a survey of individual monuments and buildings which have been the subject of recent excavations and interpretations. The critical problem of late antique Ostia is treated separately, as well as the archaeology of Isola Sacra and Portus, with the Imperial harbours.