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ANCIENT ROME
Исполнитель: Волкова Алена Юрьевна
Руководитель: Ваторопина Елена Васильевна
ANCIENT ROME WAS AN ITALIC
CIVILIZATION THAT BEGAN ON THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA AS EARLY AS THE 8TH CENTURY
BC. LOCATED ALONG THE MEDITERRANEAN
SEA AND CENTERED ON THE CITY OF ROME,
IT EXPANDED TO BECOME ONE OF THE
LARGEST EMPIRES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
WITH AN ESTIMATED 50 TO 90 MILLION
INHABITANTS (ROUGHLY 20% OF THE
WORLD'S POPULATION) AND COVERING 6.5
MILLION SQUARE KILOMETERS (2.5 MILLION
SQ MI) DURING ITS HEIGHT BETWEEN THE
FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES AD.
LIFE IN ANCIENT ROME REVOLVED AROUND THE
CITY OF ROME, LOCATED ON SEVEN HILLS. THE
CITY HAD A VAST NUMBER OF MONUMENTAL
STRUCTURES LIKE THE COLOSSEUM, THE FORUM
OF TRAJAN AND THE PANTHEON. IT HAD
THEATRES, GYMNASIUMS, MARKETPLACES,
FUNCTIONAL SEWERS, BATH COMPLEXES
COMPLETE WITH LIBRARIES AND SHOPS, AND
FOUNTAINS WITH FRESH DRINKING WATER
SUPPLIED BY HUNDREDS OF MILES OF
AQUEDUCTS. THROUGHOUT THE TERRITORY
UNDER THE CONTROL OF ANCIENT ROME,
RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE RANGED FROM
MODEST HOUSES TO COUNTRY VILLAS.
IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF ROME, THERE WERE IMPERIAL RESIDENCES ON THE
ELEGANT PALATINE HILL, FROM WHICH THE WORD PALACE DERIVES. THE LOW
PLEBEIAN AND MIDDLE EQUESTRIAN CLASSES LIVED IN THE CITY CENTER,
PACKED INTO APARTMENTS, OR INSULAE, WHICH WERE ALMOST LIKE MODERN
GHETTOS. THESE AREAS, OFTEN BUILT BY UPPER CLASS PROPERTY OWNERS TO
RENT, WERE OFTEN CENTRED UPON COLLEGIA OR TABERNA. THESE PEOPLE,
PROVIDED WITH A FREE SUPPLY OF GRAIN, AND ENTERTAINED BY
GLADATORIAL GAMES, WERE ENROLLED AS CLIENTS OF PATRONS AMONG THE
UPPER CLASS PATRICIANS, WHOSE ASSISTANCE THEY SOUGHT AND WHOSE
INTERESTS THEY UPHELD.
ROMAN PAINTING STYLES SHOW GREEK INFLUENCES, AND SURVIVING
EXAMPLES ARE PRIMARILY FRESCOES USED TO ADORN THE WALLS AND CEILINGS
OF COUNTRY VILLAS, THOUGH ROMAN LITERATURE INCLUDES MENTIONS OF
PAINTINGS ON WOOD, IVORY, AND OTHER MATERIALS. SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF
ROMAN PAINTING HAVE BEEN FOUND AT POMPEII, AND FROM THESE ART
HISTORIANS DIVIDE THE HISTORY OF ROMAN PAINTING INTO FOUR PERIODS.
THE FIRST STYLE OF ROMAN PAINTING WAS PRACTICED FROM THE EARLY 2ND
CENTURY BC TO THE EARLY- OR MID-1ST CENTURY BC. IT WAS MAINLY
COMPOSED OF IMITATIONS OF MARBLE AND MASONRY, THOUGH SOMETIMES
INCLUDING DEPICTIONS OF MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS.
THE SECOND STYLE OF ROMAN PAINTING BEGAN DURING THE EARLY
1ST CENTURY BC, AND ATTEMPTED TO DEPICT REALISTICALLY THREEDIMENSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND LANDSCAPES. THE THIRD
STYLE OCCURRED DURING THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUS (27 BC – 14 AD),
AND REJECTED THE REALISM OF THE SECOND STYLE IN FAVOR OF SIMPLE
ORNAMENTATION. A SMALL ARCHITECTURAL SCENE, LANDSCAPE, OR
ABSTRACT DESIGN WAS PLACED IN THE CENTER WITH A MONOCHROME
BACKGROUND. THE FOURTH STYLE, WHICH BEGAN IN THE 1ST CENTURY
AD, DEPICTED SCENES FROM MYTHOLOGY, WHILE RETAINING
ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS AND ABSTRACT PATTERNS.