Download Non-Living Inclusions

Dr. Shayma`a Jamal Ahmed Objectives:
y Define The Non‐Living Inclusions .
y Describe the types of Non‐Living Inclusions .
y List Chemical classification of Non‐Living Inclusions .
y Nice to know the diseases of Non‐Living Inclusions y Nice to know the clinical features of the diseases of Non‐Living Inclusions in this lecture.
non‐living inclusions:
y Any cell is a living organism as it requires energy to survive. This y
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energy is derived from various metabolic processes within the cell. Metabolism requires nutrients ( which need to be taken up by the cell) and various enzymes ( catalysts) that actually digest the nutrients. The enzymes are produced within the cell itself from cell organelles, and the waste products after the digestion are then removed by the cell membrane. Like humans, cells will die if they are not fed or watered, or their waste removal systems malfunction.
Several compounds occur as non‐living inclusions in the cytoplasm. These inclusions remain dispersed either in cell‐sap or in cytoplasm. Some of them are useful for cell.
Take different shapes ,surrounded by membrane.
The are several chemical compounds like protein ,glycoprotein ,phospholipid, ect….
y The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals and pigments.(1)
y Glycogen : is the most common form of glucose in animals and is especially abundant in cells of muscles, and liver. It appears in electron micrograph as clusters, or rosette of beta particles that resemble ribosomes, located near the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. y Glycogen is an important energy source of the cell therefore, it will be available on demand, the enzymes responsible for glycogenolysis degrade glycogen into individual molecules of glucose and can be utilized by multiple organs of the body.
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y Glucose‐6‐phosphatase deficiency is Glycogen storage disease y
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type Ia. Gene map locus 17q21.
Hepatorenal form of glycogen storage disease.
Hepatorenal glycogenosis.
Von Gierke disease.
child with Glycogen .Astorage disease type Ia. Glycogen storage disease type Ia, abdominal sonogram showing large nodules in liver.
y Lipids : are triglycerides in storage form is the .
common form of inclusions, not only are stored in specialized cells ( a dipocytes) but also are located as individuals droplets in various cell type especially hepatocytes. These are fluid at body temperature and appear in living cells as spherical droplets. y Lipid yields more than twice as many calories per gram as does carbohydrate. On demand, they serve as a local store of energy and a potential source of short carbon chains that are used by the cell in its synthesis of membranes and other lipid containing structural components or secretary products. .Lipid disorders
LIPID disorders are important for three reasons:
y They contribute to cardiovascular disease, still .
the number one cause of death in our society, by aggravating atherosclerosis.
y They are common and are treatable, mainly with statins
, which have revolutionised
preventive medicine in the last few decades.
y In Australia, more than a million adults take lipid‐
modifying drugs, at an annual cost of about $1.1 billion to the PBS.
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Crystalline inclusions: have long been recognized as normal constituents of certain cell types such as sertolli cells and leydig cells of the human testis , and occasionally in macrophages. It is believed that these structures are crystalline forms of certain proteins which is located everywhere in the cell such as in nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, and free in cytoplasmic matrix. Pigments:
The most common pigment in the body, besides hemoglobin of red blood cells is melanin, manufactured by melanocytes of the skin and hair, pigments cells of the retina and specialized nerve cells in the substantia nigra of the brain. These pigments have protective functions in skin and aid in the sense of sight in the retina but their functions in neurons is not understood completely. Furthermore, cardiac tissue and central nervous system neurons shows yellow to brown pigment called lipofuscin, some believed that they have lysosomal activity.
.Gallstones y Gallbladder opened to show numerous gallstones.
The large, yellow calculus .
probably comprises cholesterol, while the green‐
to‐brown stones suggest bile pigments, such as biliverdin
and stercobilin.
itiligo of the hand in a .Vperson with dark skin
Generalized pigmentation due to Addison disease
.y There is anther classification as follows:
1) Enzymes 2) Hormones.
3) Vitamins.
4) Resduce of lysosome
5) Crud materials. Chemical classification of Non‐Living Inclusions :
1‐ Food Products:
y These are the substances manufactured by the protoplasm of the cells from the simple inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water and stored in the cells as food materials. The food thus manufactured is partly used up to make new protoplasm and partly it is broken down to provide necessary energy, and remainder of it is stored as reserve food material in protoplasm of cells. The reserve food materials may be classified as follows:
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A) Carbohydrates:
They are non‐nitrogenous food products. These are compounds of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). They are derived more or less directly from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) during photosynthesis. Some carbohydrates are insoluble while some are soluble in water. The most important insoluble product is starch and the soluble products are inulin, sugar, etc. (i) Starch:
It is an insoluble carbohydrate of polysaccharide type formed by the condensation of simple sugars like glucose. The starch is usually found in the form of starch grains of various shapes. The starch grains are abundantly found in the storage organs of plants, e.g., tuberous roots, underground stems, cortex of stems, endodermis, grains of cereals, banana fruits, etc. The starch grains vary in their shape and may be used for the identification of plants. The starch grains are not found in fungi and certain algal groups. The starch grains have different shapes.
The structure of the starch grain usually exhibits conspicuous concentric layers formed around a dark roundish spot.
The layering may be conspicuous in some grains whereas inconspicuous in others.
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(ii) Inulin
(iii) Hemicellulose
(iv) Cellulose
(v) Sugars
2. Nitrogenous Products:
The important nitrogenous food materials are proteins and amino compounds. (i) Proteins:
y The proteins are the most important group of compounds found in plants, as they constitute the active matter of protoplasm, and the chemical phenomena of life processes are associated with them. The proteins are exceedingly complex organic nitrogenous substances constituting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). In certain more complex proteins sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P) are also present. .
y Proteins are formed by a rearrangement of the atoms of carbohydrates with the addition of nitrogen, commonly sulphur and sometimes phosphorus. A protein molecule is made up of hundreds or thousands of amino acid molecules joined together by peptide links into one or more chains, which are variously folded. y There are twenty different kinds of amino‐acids commonly found in proteins, and most of these usually occur in any one protein molecule; they are arranged in the chain in a sequence which is exactly the same in all molecules of a given kind of protein. The possible different arrangements of the amino acids are evidently practically infinite, and the diversity is fully exploited by living things every species having kinds of protein molecule peculiar to itself. y Amino‐acids are peculiar in that they have both basic and acid properties. The proportion of different amino‐acids in different proteins varies; and some proteins lack amino‐acid found in other proteins. y Animal proteins are better for human food than plant protein because the amino‐ acid content of animal proteins is more like that of human proteins than is the amino acid content of plant proteins. Some plant proteins lack entirely some of the amino acids which are essential for the building of human proteins. .
ii) Amino compounds:
y They are simple nitrogenous food materials. They are found in the form of amino‐acids and amines which occur in the cell sap. These are abundantly found in the growing apices of the plants, while less frequently occurs in storage tissues. y There are about twenty known amino acids. Amino acids are peculiar in that they have both basic and acid properties. They are constituted of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, with formula R—CH (NH2)—COOH, where R is a variable grouping of atoms, an amino group always being attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group. 3. Fats and Fatty Oils:
y The fats and fatty oils in plants are composed of glycerine and organic acids. They occur in the form of minute globules in the protoplasm. Special types of fats and fatty oils are found in the seed and fruits of flowering plants. Fats and fatty oils are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are characterized by a small percentage of oxygen as may be seen from the formula of such common fats as stearin C57H110O6, and palmitin C51H9806, olein C57H104O6, and linolein C57H98O6. Owing to the very small percentage of oxygen contained fats, in the oxidation of fats produces large amounts of energy. They are insoluble in water but soluble in ether, chloroform and petroleum. Fats may be solid or liquid (fatty oils), according to the temperature. .
B. Secretory Products:
y Besides food material several other products are also secreted by protoplasm which are not useful as nutritional products but they may help or accelerate the various reactions in the cells. These are as follows: (i) Enzymes:
They are soluble nitrogenous substances secreted by the protoplasm. They are digestive in function and convert the insoluble substances into soluble and complex compounds into simple ones, e.g. diastase converts starch into sugar, so that because of the action of this enzyme an insoluble substance converts into soluble one. The lipase breaks up fats into their components, glycerine and fatty acids. Papain converts proteins into amino acids. (ii) Colour in cell:
The substances that give colour to cells are usually found in the plastids. Chlorophyll is a green colouring matter secreted by the chloroplasts and performs the phenomenon of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is not a single compound but it is mixture of two pigments known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The yellow pigments, carotenoids are also found in cell sap.
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(iii) Nectar:
The nectar is another useful secretion of protoplasm. It is secreted by special glands or organs of the flower, called nectaries. (iv) Osmophors
C. Waste Products:
y They are excretions of the cells. Usually these products are stored in the dead cells. y These products are formed as a result of metabolic activities of protoplasm, and therefore, they are known as metabolic wastes . y Usually there are two types of metabolic wastes. They are:
1. Non‐ nitrogenous waste products 2. Nitrogenous waste products. .
1. Non‐nitrogenous waste products:
They are tannins, mineral crystals, latex, essential oils, gums, resins, and organic acids. They are either found in the cytoplasm or in the cell‐sap.
2. Nitrogenous waste products:
y Alkaloids. They make a group of nitrogen‐containing, basic organic compounds present in plants of a few families of Dicotyledons, e.g., Solanaceae, Papaveraceae. y They are thought to be end products of nitrogen metabolism. They are of great importance because of their poisonous and medicinal properties, e.g., atropine , cocaine, morphine, nicotine, quinine, strychnine, etc.
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Thank you