Download Study Guide for Final

STUDY
GUIDE
FOR
FINAL
EXAM
Note
this
is
only
a
guide.
Disclaimer
and
instructions:
This
is
my
best
attempt
to
put
together
a
guide
for
the
final
exam.
It
is
not
a
contract
and
it
is
possible
I
missed
a
few
terms.
Questions
may
be
worded
differently
than
the
quizzes.
Recognize
means
just
that,
you
would
have
to
find
that
concept
in
a
multiple‐choice
question.
Describe,
explain
and
bold
topics
may
involve
more,
and
could
involve
having
you
write
something
out.
Chapter
15:
Define
Ecology
Explain
the
nature
of
an
ecosystem.
Identify
biotic
and
abiotic
environmental
factors.
Explain
how
energy
is
related
to
ecosystems.
Recognize
the
types
of
relationships
that
organisms
have
to
each
other
.
Explain
why
plants
are
called
producers.
Identify
the
trophic
levels
occupied
by
herbivores
and
carnivores
and
why
they
are
called
consumers.
Describe
the
role
of
decomposers.
Explain
energy
flow
through
an
ecosystem.
Explain
why
predators
are
more
rare
than
herbivores.
Describe
why
useful
energy
is
lost
as
energy
flows
from
one
trophic
level
to
the
next.
Describe
the
benefits
and
shortcomings
of
using
each
of
the
following:
pyramid
of
numbers,
pyramid
of
biomass,
and
pyramid
of
energy.
Explain
that
materials
are
cycled
through
organisms
and
the
abiotic
parts
of
ecosystems.
Describe
the
flow
of
atoms
through
the
carbon,
nitrogen,
phosphorus,
and
hydrologic
cycles.
Explain
why
animals
must
eat.
Describe
the
importance
of
bacteria
in
nutrient
cycles.
Explain
why
carbon
and
nitrogen
must
be
recycled
in
ecosystems.
Explain
the
concept
of
succession.
Explain
the
concept
of
a
climax
community.
Describe
the
effect
humans
have
had
on
natural
climax
ecosystems.
Explain
why
a
vacant
lot
becomes
a
tangle
of
plants.
Chapter
16:
Explain
that
organisms
interact
in
a
variety
of
ways
within
a
community.
Define
food
web
and
compare
with
food
chain.
Note
which
food
webs
are
most
stable.
Describe
differences
among
predation,
mutualism,
competition,
parasitism,
and
commensalism.
Explain
the
difference
between
niche
and
habitat.
Describe
an
organism's
niche,
habitat,
and
community.
Compare
intraspecific
and
interspecific
competition.
Explain
the
competitive
exclusion
principle.
Explain
with
examples
of
Niche
specialization.
Describe
strategies
to
help
predators
and
to
help
prey
from
being
eaten.
Define
the
following
types
of
coloration:
Cryptic
countershading
disruptive
warning
Compare
Müllerian
and
Batesian
mimicry.
Recognize
the
abiotic
and
biotic
features
that
are
typical
of
the
major
biomes
of
the
world.
List
typical
abiotic
and
biotic
characteristics
of
different
biomes.
Explain
why
some
plants
and
animals
are
found
only
in
certain
parts
of
the
world.
Describe
the
effect
of
temperature
and
rainfall
to
the
kind
of
biome
that
develops.
Appreciate
that
humans
alter
and
interfere
with
natural
ecological
processes.
Describe
the
impact
of
introduced
species,
predator
control,
and
habitat
destruction
on
natural
communities.
Explain
why
persistent
organic
chemicals
reach
higher
levels
in
carnivores
than
in
herbivores.
Relate
extinctions
to
human
activities.
Compare
and
describe
primary
and
secondary
succession.
Describe
the
Yellowstone
Wolf
story
and
why.
Describe
what
biomagnificaiton
(bioaccumulation)
is
and
who
is
most
affected.
Chapter
17:
Recognize
that
populations
vary
in
gene
frequency,
age
distribution,
sex
ratio,
size,
and
density.
State
how
age
distribution,
sex
ratio,
and
density
can
affect
the
rate
of
population
growth.
Compare
R
and
K
strategy
for
reproduction,
give
examples.
Explain
why
the
size
of
a
population
tends
to
increase.
Describe
and
draw
the
stages
of
a
typical
population
growth
curve.
Identify
key
components
that
cause
population
growth.
Identify
the
factors
that
ultimately
limit
population
size.
State
the
importance
of
the
birthrates
and
death
rates
to
population
growth.
Recognize
that
human
populations
obey
the
same
rules
of
growth
as
populations
of
other
types
of
organisms.
Compare
density
dependent
and
density
independent
limiting
factors
on
growth.
Define
carrying
capacity.
State
why
the
human
population
must
have
an
upper
limit.
List
methods
that
would
effectively
control
human
population
size.
Chapter
25:
List
the
functions
of
the
six
types
of
nutrients.
Give
the
main
processes
of
nutrition.
Explain
why
grains
should
make
up
the
bulk
of
your
diet.
List
and
compare
different
types
of
carbohydrates.
Compare
sources
and
functions
of
soluble
and
insoluble
fibers.
Describe
how
the
body
stores
carbohydrates,
proteins
and
fats.
Describe
why
some
protein
sources
do
not
contain
all
of
the
essential
amino
acids.
Compare
and
list
fat
and
water‐soluble
vitamins.
Know
that
a
calorie
is
a
measure
of
energy.
Explain
why
exercise
is
important
in
expending
the
energy
gained
by
eating.
Give
examples
of
foods
that
have
more
calories
than
others.
Explain
how
metabolic
rate
is
related
to
diet
and
weight
control.
Identify
the
signs
and
symptoms
of
the
common
eating
disorders
that
affect
health.
Identify
common
eating
disorders
affecting
young
people.
This
may
be
modified
so
attend
class
and
take
notes.