Download Syllabus of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (PC)

Revised W.E.F. June 2007
HEMCHANDRACHARYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, PATAN
Faculty of Pharmacy
Syllabus of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (PC)
SEMESTER-I
11(all): MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
THEORY
1. Theory of UV, IR, derivative spectroscopy, FT-IR, NIR, ATR and their
applications to structural elucidation.
2. Theory, instrumentation and application of flourimetry.
3. Theory, instrumentation and application of atomic absorption and atomic
emission spectroscopy.
4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Fundamental principles of NMR
(Magnetic properties of nuclei: applied field & precession: absorption & transition
frequency), chemical shift concept, factors affecting chemical shift, isotopic
nuclei, reference standards; proton magnetic spectra, their characteristics,
presentation, terms used in describing spectra & their interpretation (signal no,
position, intensity), brief outline of instrumental arrangements & some practical
details, signal multiplicity phenomena in high resolution PMR; Spin spin coupling
application of signal splitting & coupling constant data to interpretation of
spectra, proton exchange reaction , decoupling & shift reagent methods.
• Brief outline of principles of FT-NMR with reference to 13 C NMR:
• Spin-spin & spin- lattice relaxation phenomena, free induction decay
(FID), proton noise decoupling, signal averaging time domain &
frequency domain signals, nuclear overhauser enhancement; 13CNMR
spectra; their presentation, characteristics, interpretation, examples &
applications.
• Brief indication of application of magnetic response spectral data of other
nuclei by modern NMR instruments, introduction to 2-D NMR techniques
5. Mass Spectrometry: Basic principles & brief outline of instrumentation, ion
formation & types; molecular ions, meta stable ions, fragmentation processes,
fragmentation patterns & fragment characteristic in relation to parent structure &
functional groups, relative abundances of isotopes & their contribution to
characteristic peaks mass spectrum; its characteristic, presentation &
interpretation chemical ionization, Fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy.
6. Basic principle, applications and recent trends in chromatography.
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HPLC, LCMS
GC, GCMS
HPTLC
Ion exchange chromatography
Ion pair chromatography
Size exclusion chromatography
Affinity chromatography
Electro kinetic chromatography
Super critical fluid chromatography
PRACTICAL
The practical syllabus comprises of the exercises based on the topics mentioned in the
Theory syllabus.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Munson Janues W. “Pharmaceutical Analysis” Mareel Dekker.
2. Willard “Instrumental Method of Analysis” 7th edition CBS publication
3. Skoog Principles of Instrumental Analysis” 5th edition Thomson.
4. Kenneth A. Conor “A textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 3rd edition, John Wiley &
sons.
5. Robert M. Silverstein, “Spectrometric identification of organic compound”
6. B.K.Sharma Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, Goel Publication, 23rd
edition.
12(all): ADVANCES IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
THEORY
Biostatistics
The application of the following topics in Pharmacy shall be covered:
Mean, Median and Mode, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of variation, Students ttest, One way NOVA, Chi-square test, Probability, Frequency distribution, Regression
analysis, Bioavailability – Cross-over study, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Introduction to
control charts.
Pharmainformatics
Introduction to information resources available on Internet for the various subjects in
Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Quality Assurance,
Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy).
Experimental Designs
Introduction to Full and Fractional Factorial Designs, central composite designs,
Evolution of full and reduced mathematical models in experimental designs, Applications
of the experimental designs for the subjects mentioned under Pharmainformatics,
Introduction to contour plots.
Patents
Definition, Need for patenting, Types of Patents, Conditions to be satisfied by an
invention to be patentable, Introduction to patent search.
The essential elements of patent; Guidelines for preparation of laboratory note book,
Non-obviousness in Patent, Drafting of Patent claims, Important Patent related web-sites.
Brief
introduction
to
Trademark
protection
and
WO
Patents.
Introduction to “The Patents Act 1970” and “The Patents Rules 2003”’ with special
emphasis on the forms to be submitted along with a patent application.
Biotechnology in Drug Discovery
Cloning of DNA, Expression of cloned DNA, Manipulation of DNA sequence
information, New Biological Targets for Drug Development. Novel Drug Screening
Strategies, Novel Biological Agents, Antibodies, Antisense oligonucleotide Therapy,
Gene Therapy
Quality assurance and regulatory affairs
1. Basic Concept of quality assurance & requirement of cGMP (WHO, USFDA,
MHRA).
2. ISO & ICH requirements of quality.
3. GLP Guidelines.
Registration of new drugs for importing and manufacturing in India.
Introduction to IND, NDA, ANDA for registration in USA.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Web Resources in Pharmacy, InPharma Publication, Bangalore
2. Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Applications by James E. De Muth,
Marcel Dekker Inc.
3. Method in Biostatistics by B.K.Mahajan, JayPee Brothers, New Delhi.
4. Statistical Methods in Biological & Health Sciences by J.Susan Milton, Tata Mc
GrawHill Int. Edition.
5. Pharmaceutical Statistics by Standards Bolton, Marcel Dekker Inc.
6. Pharmaceutical Experimental Design by G.A.Lewis, D.Mathiea, Roger Phan-TanLuu, Marcel Dekker Inc.
7. Pharmaceutical Experimental Design and Interpretation by N.A.Armstrong L.K.C.
James, Taylor & Francis.
8. Current Patent Acts of Various countries.
9. Sanford Bolton, “Pharmaceutical Statistics” 3rd edition, Drug & Pharmaceutical
Sciences series Vol:80, Marcel Dekker Inc.
10. James E. Demath “ Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Application Marcel
Dekker Inc.
11. Mueen Ahmed K.K. “Web Resources in Pharmacy” Gareth A. Lewis, Didier
Mathieu, Roger Phan – Tan-Luu, “Pharmaceutical Experimental Design”, Vol-92,
Marcel Dekker Inc.
13d: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I (PC)
THEORY
1. Chemical Bonding and Structure
Chemical bonding, Bond energies, Orbital theory, Orbital Hybridization Reson
Electronegativity, Polarity, Hyperconjugation.
2. Chemical Reactivity and Molecular Structure
Kinetics, Resonance, Stearic, Inductive and electrostatic effect on reactivity, Acids
and Bases
3. Various Reaction mechanisms
a) Substitution Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution reaction in aliphatic systems- SN1,
SN2, Hydride transfer reaction, Cram’s rule, Participation of neighboring group in
nucleophilic substitution-reactions and rearrangements.
Aromaticity, electrophonic and nucleophilic substitution in aromatic systems Reactivate
orientation in electrophilic substitution.
b) Elimination Reaction: Beta elimination reactions, E1, E2 & E1cb mechanisms
Hoffman Saytzeff’s elimination.
c) Addition Reactions: Nucleophilic additions, Markonikov’s rule
d) Rearrangement reactions: Transannular rearrangement, Pinacol and related
rearranger Beckman rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement.
e) Free radical reactions: Formation – Detection – Reactions, Homolysis and free
displacements – additions and rearrangements of free radicals.
4. Reactions of carboxylic acids and esters
BAC2, AAC2, BAL2, BAL1, AAL1. Claisen condensation, decarboxylation,
cabanions enolis keto-enol equilibria
5. Stereochemistry
Molecular asymmetry, compounds with one, two or more unequal asymmetric
carbon racemic modifications, Configurations – absolute, relative, synthesis of
optically active compounds cyclohexane, six membered heterocyclic rings –
stereoisomerism of compounds with asymmetric plane – allenes and related
compounds – stereoselective synthesis.
PRACTICAL
The practical syllabus comprises of the exercises based on the topics mentioned in the
Theory syllabus.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. J. March , Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure,
(John Wiley and Sons, N.Y).
2. E.S.Gould, Hold Rinchart and Winston,, Mechanisms and structure in Organic
Chemistry, New York.
3. Thomas N. Serrell, Organic Chemistry, 1st edition, (Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.)
4. A. Carey, Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, (Tata Mcgraw - Hill Pub. Comp. Ltd.)
5. R.A. Sheldon, Chirotechnology, (Marcell Dekker Inc., New York, 1993).
6. R.A. Aitken and S.M. Kilengi, Asymmetric Synthesis, , Ed., (Blackie Academic
and Professional, London, 1992).
7. Finar Vol-1 & 2, Organic Chemistry.
SEMESTER-II
21c: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II (PC)
THEORY
1. Study of individual reactions
Allylic rearrangement – Arndt Eister synthesis – Baeyer Villiger reaction BakerVenkatraman reaction - Benzidine rearrangement - Benzilic acid rearrangementCarrol reaction-Curtius rearrangement- Dimorth rearrangement - Favorskii
rearrangement - Lossen-Schmidt rearrangement - Pinner reaction - Reformatsky
reaction - Robinson Annelation reaction - Witting reaction - Diels-Alder reaction,
Birch reduction, Mannich reaction.
2. Use of diazonium salt-diazomethane and peracids in synthesis
3. Y-lides of phosphorous-sulphur-nitrogen
4. Photochemistry
Theory-energy transfer-characteristics of photoreactions – typical photo reaction
5. Concerted pericyclic reactions
Electrocyclic reaction – sigmatropic rearrangem cycloaddition reactions.
6. Heterocyclic chemistry
Introduction-nomenclature-properties-synthesis and reactions involved in five
membered and six membered heterocycles. Heterocycles with one, two or more
hetero atoms . Biological importance of heterocycles.
PRACTICAL
The practical syllabus comprises of the exercises based on the topics mentioned in the
Theory syllabus.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. J. March , Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure,
(John Wiley and Sons, N.Y).
2. E.S.Gould, Hold Rinchart and Winston,, Mechanisms and structure in Organic
Chemistry, New York.
3. Bernard Miller , Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, 2nd edition,
(Pearson education Ptc. Ltd. Singapore).
4. Thomas Lane & Andreas Plagens, Named Organic Reactions, 2nd edition, (John
Wiley and Sons, N.Y).
5. Maya Shankar singh, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms 1st
edition, (Pearson education Ptc. Ltd. Singapore).
6. Finar Vol-1 & 2, Organic Chemistry.
22d: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (PC)
THEORY
1. Molecular basis of drug action:
a) Receptor: Drug Receptor Interaction: Basic ligand concept, agonist, antagonist, partial
agonist, inverse agonist, receptor Theories - Occupancy, Rate & Activation Theories,
receptor Binding Assays, determination of B-max and Kd by transforming data with
Hill plot and Scatchered plot., above concepts with special reference to Opioid,
Histaminergic, Adrenergic and GABA nergic receptors.
b) Enzyme Inhibition – Enzyme structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary,
enzyme Kinetics, enzyme Inhibitors - reversible, irreversible, Kcat inhibitors.
Transition state analogs, enzyme Inhibitors as drugs - ACE, leukotrienes,
Lipoxygenase,
Cycloxygenase,
Aromatase,
Xanthine
oxidase,
DNA
PolymeraseInhibitors, HIV - Protease / Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase and
Cytochrome P-450 Inhibitors.
c) Drug binding to nucleic acid -- Antimalarial, anti-cancer, antiviral.
2. Synthon approach:
Definition of terms - disconnection, synthon, functional group interconversion (FGI),
Basic rules in Disconnection, Use of synthon approach in synthesis of following
compounds: Trimethoprim, Terfenadine, lbuprofen, Propanolol, Fentanyl,
Ciprofloxacin, Cimetidine Piroxicam, Rosiglitazone, Diclofenac, Captopryl,
Nifedipine, Losartan.
3. Combinatorial Chemistry
Introduction, combinatorial approaches, chemical Peptide and small molecule
libraries, applications, methodology, combinatorial organic synthesis, assays and
screening of combinatorial libraries, i6ntroduction to High Throughputs Screening
(HTS)
4. Nanochemistry
5. Synthesis of vitamins
6. Microwave synthesis
PRACTICAL
The practical syllabus comprises of the exercises based on the topics mentioned in the
Theory syllabus.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Burger: Medicinal Chemistry (John Wiley & Sons N.Y.)
2. Foye: Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (Varghese & Co.)
3. Ledinicer: Organic Drug synthesis Vol. 1,2,3,4 (John Wiley &. Sons N.Y.)
4. Ariens : Medicinal Chemistry Series.
5. Ellis and West : Progress in Medicinal Chemistry Series.
6. Butterworther: Progress in Medicinal Chemistry Series.
7. Wilson and Gisvold: Text book of Medicinal Chemistry (J.B. Lippincoff
cam).
8. Stuart Warren : Organic Synthesis – The Disconnection Approach (John
Wiley & Sons).
9. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry - Series -I-VI (Academic Press).
10. Nanochemistry: A chemical approach to nanomaterials, G Ozin, A. Arsenault,
(RSCPublishing).
11. Microwaves in organic and medicinal Chemistry, C.O. Kappe, A. Stadler, (WileyVch) June 2005.
23d: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II (PC)
THEORY
1. Drug Discovery
Historical perspective, Drug Discovery Strategies in Direct Drug Design (Structure
based) and Indirect drug design, Target selection and lead identification, Natural
product sources, Fermentation / Microbial sources, Synthetic, Introduction to
Pharmacogenomics.
2. QSAR
Parameters - Lipophilicity, electronic, Stearic factors, Quantitative Models – Hansch
analysis, Free Wilson Analysis, Mixed approach, Other QSAR Approaches,
Applications of Hansch Analysis, Free Wilson Analysis.
3. Enzymes, Peptides in Drug Design
4. Molecular Modeling in Drug Design
Introduction to Computer aided drug design and Molecular Modeling: Concepts and
Methods, Molecular Mechanics - force fields (Potential energy function), Energy
Minimization Methods - Steepest, descent. Conjugate gradients, Newton methods
(Non mathematical), Conformational Analysis- Systematic search, Monte Carlo
simulations, Molecular dynamics simulations, Ligand design based on 3D structure of
receptor /enzyme
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Hugo Kubingi - QSAR, Hansch Analysis and Related approaches Vol I.
2. Poul Krogsgaand Larsen: A textbook of Drug Design and Development
First Edition.
3. Thomas J. Penim, C.L-Propst - Computer Aided Drug Design.
4. Pandi Veerapandian - Structure Based Drug design.
5. Paul S. Charifson - Practical Applications of Computer Aided Drug Design
(Marcel & Dekkar Inc. New York).
6. Paul Leff-Receptor Based Drug Design.
7. Bernard Testa, Walter Fuhrer – Perspectives in-Medicinal Chemistry.
8. C. Hansch Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry Vol.-IV