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Anatomy Test 1 Review
1. Describe the difference between a polar and a nonpolar covalent bond. Give an example of each type of bond.
In polar covalent bonds, electrons are not shared equally. For instance, water is an example of a polar covalent
bond. The electron pairs shared in water spend more time with the oxygen atom causing that end of the molecule
to become slightly negative and the hydrogen end to become slightly positive.
In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally. For example, the electron pairs in carbon dioxide orbit
the entire molecule.
2. List and explain the five survival needs of humans.
Nutrients-include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are taken in via the diet for energy and cell
building.
Oxygen-required to release energy from food.
Water-accounts for over 60% of the body weight, and provides the basis for various body fluids.
Appropriate body temperature-when too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because
molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional.
Appropriate atmospheric pressure�the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air; is
essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing.
3. Explain how scratching an itch is an example of a negative feedback mechanism.
Stimulus or input is the itch.
A receptor carries the information about the stimulus (itch) to the brain via an afferent pathway.
Control center (brain) analyzes this information an turns on an effector which will cancel the stimulus.
Information reaches the effector via the efferent pathway from the brain. Muscles move the hand to scratch
the itch.
Scratching continues until the itch goes away. The brain shuts off the effector once homeostasis is restored.
4. Explain why a denatured protein no longer functions.
Denaturation results when the three-dimensional shape of a protein is destroyed. The function of a protein
depends on its structure. The presence of an active site on the surface of a protein that interacts with other
molecules must be intact for the enzyme to work properly.
5. Describe the four structural levels of proteins.
a. The primary structure of a protein resembles a string of beads in which the amino acids form the basis for the
protein molecule.
b. A protein in its secondary structure may exist in a coiled alpha-helix or an accordian-like beta-pleated sheet.
c. Most proteins reach the more complex tertiary level of structure. The tertiary structure is achieved when the
alpha-helical or beta-pleated region of the polypeptide chain folds in on itself to form a globular (ball-like)
molecule.
d. The quarternary structure results when two polypeptide chains combine to form a complex protein.
6. Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons.
7. Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared unequally.
8. The four most common elements that compose over 96% of the mass of the human body are carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and oxygen.
9. Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called polysaccharides.
10. Blood is categorized as a tissue because it is composed of similar cells with a common function.
11. A midsaggital section divides the body into equal left and right halves.
12. The two major body cavities are dorsal and ventral.
13. Blood clotting and the birth of a baby are examples of the positive feedback mechanism.
14. The cranial and spinal cavities are subdivisions of the dorsal cavity.
15. The right and left iliac (inguinal) regions are lateral to the hypogastric region.
16. The antebrachial region is distal, inferior to the brachial region.
17. The armpit area is called the axillary region.
18. The component of a control system that provides the means for the control center's response (output) is called the
effector.
19. The ability to sense changes and react to them is termed irritability or responsiveness.
20. Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body.
21. The digestive system rids the body of indigestible food residue in feces while the urinary system removes
nitrogen-containing metabolic waste in urine.
22. Groups of cells that have a common function are termed tissue.
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The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the cardiovascular system.
The system that functions in the storage of minerals, such as calcium, is called the skeletal system.
Which system controls and coordinates the body through hormones? endocrine
What is the main function of the respiratory system? Transfer O2 to the blood
Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, is a function of which system? skeletal
What is the correct order of elements in a control system? Variable, receptor, control center, effector
When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees? Distal, inferior
Which regions are associated with the parts of the arm? Deltoid, brachial, antebrachial, carpal, digital, antecubital,
olecranal
Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? Transverse
Which element of a control system detects a change? receptor
An atom that has lost two electrons is called a(n) cation.
The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are the electrons.
Monomers are joined together to form more complex molecules through dehydration synthesis (condensation).
Why is ATP categorized as a nucleic acid?
ATP is a modified nucleotide. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. ATP consists of a base
(adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups.
The organic compounds that function in building tissues and acting as enzymes are the proteins.
A lipid containing three fatty acid chains and one glycerol is called triglyceride.
A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called midsaggital.
Because oxygen atoms tend to attract positively charged atoms, organic compounds that contain oxygen atoms
tend to form hydrogen bonds.
In a condensation reaction, two molecules become linked together and a molecule of water is produced.
The formation of polymers from monomers occurs as a result of dehydration synthesis reactions, and the
breakdown of polymers into monomers occurs as a result of hydrolysis reactions.
Explain the difference between ionic compounds and covalently bonded compounds.
In an ionic compound, valence electrons of atoms of one element have been transferred to the atoms of another
element. Thus, ionic bonding involves the gain and loss of electrons. In covalently bonded compounds, atoms of
different elements share electrons.