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AP Biology: Cell Structures Study Sheet Key Terms ATP active site active transport carbohydrate chain cell theory cell wall centriole chloroplast cholesterol coenzyme cofactor competitor inhibitor concentration concentration gradient cytoplasm cytoskeleton denature diffusion endocytosis endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum eukaryotic cell exocytosis facilitated diffusion Golgi apparatus hydrophilic hydrophobic hypertonic hypotonic isotonic lysosome microfilament microtubule mitochondrion nuclear envelope nucleoid nucleolus nucleus organelle osmosis passive transport phagocytosis phospholipids bilary pinocytosis plasma membrane plasmid plasmolysis prokaryotic cell receptor-mediated endocytosis ribosome solute solution solvent substrate transport protein turgor pressure vacuole vesicle non-competitor inhibitor Study Questions 1. State the 3 parts of the cell theory. 2. What structures are found in all prokaryotic cell? 3. What structures are found in all eukaryotic cells? 4. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5. Explain the importance of the cell’s small size and its need for a large surface area to volume ratio. 6. Calculate surface area to volume ratio, and use that to compare cell efficiency. 7. What does the “efficiency” of a cell refer to? 8. What types of cells are more chemically active and why? What makes an organism chemically active? 9. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells. 10. Describe each organelle’s role in cell function, including how each helps the cell/organism survive. 11. If each organelle malfunctioned, what is the consequence for the organism/cell? 12. How do the cell and its organelles utilize the four macromolecules in its functions? 13. Describe how the macromolecules relate to the major chemical processes that take place in cells. State the reactants and products. 14. Differentiate between rough ER and smooth ER. 15. Describe the pathway of a protein, from synthesis to when it finally exits the cell. Include the organelles & explain what happens at each. 16. Identify the organelles of the endomembrane system and describe the role of each. 17. What is the advantage of having organelles that are compartmentalized? 18. Describe the pathway of glucose in both plant & animal cells. Include the organelles & explain what happens at each. 19. What is ATP and how can it be used? 20. What are the cell processes that involve energy conversions? Describe the types of energy conversions. 21. How do enzymes affect the energy involved in chemical reactions? 22. Explain how high fevers and abnormal pH can be deadly, using specific concepts & terms from the unit. Describe what won’t work and why. 23. Explain the effects of acids and bases, and heat on enzyme activity. 24. Distinguish between enzyme, substrate, and product. Explain how a chemical reaction involving an enzyme works. Be able to identify these parts of an enzyme reaction in a chemical equation. 25. Describe how the different enzyme inhibitors block chemical reactions. 26. Draw a cell membrane and label the structures that it is made of. Describe the function of each of those structures. 27. What does selectively permeable mean? In what way is a cell membrane selectively permeable? 28. Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic? hydrophobic? 29. Explain what causes diffusion to happen. 30. Identify the membrane structures used to move molecules through a cell by size and type. 31. How do different-sized molecules enter/leave the cell? Describe using specific types of transport. 32. What is a concentration gradient? How does it affect diffusion? 33. Explain the differences between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions. 34. Predict where molecules will travel in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. What is each type of solutions impact on cell size? 35. How do turgor pressure and osmosis relate to each other? 36. What are turgor pressure’s effects on plant and animal cells? 37. How does plasmolysis affect plant and animal cells? 38. What are the different types of passive transport? Identify the structures and molecules used in each type. 39. What are the different types of active transport? Identify the structures and molecules used in each type.