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Chemical Reactions
Part 1
SCIENCE 10
Learning Topics
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Classification of Matter
Chemical and Physical Properties
WHMIS and Materials Safety Data Sheets
Models of the Atom
The Periodic Table
Atoms
Ions
1
Classification of Matter
What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the science concerned with ___________________, that deals with:
o __________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________

_____________________, as well as observing________________________________, also
develop models to explain their observations.
They use their knowledge ________________________________________ and to
___________________new kinds of matter that have practical uses.
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Understanding Matter
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Every culture has unique ways of understanding the world.
First nations and Metis people use the _________________________ to help them understand.
The medicine wheel is organized into a pattern of 4:
o __________________
o __________________
o __________________
 Many ancient cultures also had ways of explaining matter:
o Greek philosophers believed that matter was made up
Of four “elements”:
 __________
 __________
 __________
 __________
 A scientific model about the structure of matter did not take shape until the early
1800s.
 It was determined that the smallest bit of _____________ was an __________.
2
Forms of Matter
 ____________ is defined as anything that has ______________ and takes up
____________.
o __________ is a measure of the amount of ______________in an object
(Kg or g)
o __________ is a measure of how much __________ an object occupies
(L, mL, or cm3)
 Scientists believe that matter exists in 4 ___________:
o __________ - hold their shape
o __________ - take the shape of their container
o __________ - can fill a container of any size
o __________ - similar to gases, but very rare
Classifying Matter
 All matter is made up of different kinds of _________________.
 These particles give all types of matter unique characteristics, or
_______________.
 A ________________ is a characteristic that describes a substance.
 We use ________________ to help classify ______________.
Pure Substances
 A _____________________ is made up of only ______ kind of particle. It has
unique properties, such as, ___________, _______________, ________________.
o _____________ are pure substances that cannot be broken down
 ____________
 ____________
o ______________ are pure substances made from combining one or more
elements
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
3
Mixtures
 _____________ are combinations of pure substances
 There are 3 types of mixtures:
o ______________________ - The different substances that makes up the
mixture are visible. This is called ______________________.
o ______________________ - the particles of one substance are held within
the other to create a cloudy mixture. These particles can be separated using
a filter so it is called _______________________.
o ______________________ - Looks like one substance. This is called
________________________.
Summary
Create a flow chart that includes the following terms:
 Matter
 Compound
 Pure substances
 Elements
 Mixtures
 Solutions
 Suspensions
 Heterogeneous mixtures
 Homogeneous mixtures
 Mechanical mixtures
4
Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties of Water
 All life on Earth depends on water
 Among all First Nations and Metis people water is __________ and treated with
great respect
 About ____ of our ___________ are made of water
 Some ____________ are _____ water
 One property of water is that it ________ to itself. This property is called
______________.
 Water also stick to other ______________, a property scientists call
______________.
o Water sticks to itself forming droplets (cohesion), and to the spider web
(adhesion)
 A _____________ ___________ is a characteristic of a substance that can be
observed or measured _____________________________.
 Physical properties are things like:
o
o
o
o
o
o
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
o
o
o
o
o
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
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Chemical Properties
 A _______________ _____________ is a characteristic of a substance that
describes how it __________ when it __________ into a new substance or
substances.
 A ______________ ______________ always results in the formation of a ______
______________ or substances with ______________ properties
 A ______________ ______________ is a process in which a chemical change
occurs.
For example: chemical changes
made this banana ripe –and
then rotten
 Examples of Chemical Properties include:
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
o ____________________________________
Remember: A
chemical change
ALWAYS forms
something NEW!!
6
Matter & Physical and Chemical Properties Questions
Read section 5.1 in your textbook (pages 170-174) and answer the following questions.
Answer all question on loose-leaf.
1. Create a flow diagram for the Classification of matter.
2. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. Explain your choices.
a. Soapy water
b. Hydrogen gas
c. Sodium chloride
3. Classify each of the following as an element or a compound. Explain your choices.
a. Hydrogen
b. Potassium carbonate
c. Water
d. Mg
4. Draw sketches to represent 10 particles of the following:
a. An element
b. A compound
c. A mixture
5. Classify each of the following as a physical property or a chemical property. Explain your choices.
a. Gasoline is a clear pink solution
b. Gasoline burns in air
c. Water boils at 100°C
d. Electric current can split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases
6. When aluminum metal is added to hydrobromic acid, hydrogen gas and an aluminum bromide
solution are formed.
a. What kind of change has occurred? Explain.
b. Which substances are the reactants and which are the products?
7. What are the 5 clues that a chemical change has occurred (see figure 4)
7
WHMIS and Material Safety Data Sheets
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WHMIS stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
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The goal of this program is to reduce illness and injury from workplace contact with hazardous
materials. This program applies to ALL workplaces and is the result of work done by the
government, industry and labor and has been law in Canada since 1988.
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The purpose of WHMIS is threefold:
1. To provide information on hazardous substances.
2. To identify potential hazards in the workplace.
3. To create national consistency in working with or transporting hazardous materials.
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WHMIS divided hazardous substances into 6 classes, which are lettered A through F. Divisions
are provided in some classes to separate different groups of hazardous materials within a class.
Symbols are used for these different types of hazardous materials as follows:
COMPLETE THE WHMIS AND MATERIALS SAFETY DATA SHEET BOOKLET
8
Development of the Atomic Model
We know that Science is subject to change over time. The model of the atom is a component of Science
that helps us to understand the world in which we live. However, we did not always have the
knowledge that forms our current understanding of the Atom. This knowledge was formed over
hundreds of years.
200 B.C. The Greek Model
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The Greeks believed that everything that existed was made up of _____________________
o
o
o
o
________________
________________
________________
________________
1807 – John Dalton
• Each atom was a hard, __________________________________
• Each element has a _____________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________________________
Dalton’s Model:
1903 – J.J. Thomson
 Each sphere was made of ____________________ and ___________________ charges
 These charges were ________________________________________________
Thomson’s Model:
9
1911 – Ernest Rutherford
•
•
•
The atom was a mostly _______________________________
Most of the mass was in the _______________ or the ________________
Electrons were found ___________________ the nucleus
Rutherford’s Model:
1913 – Niels Bohr
•
The electrons were found in certain areas or ______________________
Bohr’s Model:
Atomic Model Writing Assignment:
Part 1 (5 marks): Create a timeline that shows the 4 Models of the atom. You must include:
 Name of Scientists
 Date of their work
 A diagram of the Model
Part 2 (10 marks): Two well written paragraphs
 Paragraph 1 - Discuss the progression of the model beginning at the Dalton model and ending with the
Bohr Model. (5-10 sentences). Focus on how the shortcomings of one model led to the next model.
 Paragraph 2 – Discuss what model was the successor to the Bohr model and why the Bohr model
ultimately failed (5-10 sentences)
Total
/15
10
The Periodic Table
Patterns among the Elements
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By the 1700s Chemists had gathered a lot of information about elements, however they still had
many _____________________:
o Why some elements gases and others are metals?
o How many elements are there?
o What relationships can be found between elements?
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In 1867, Russian Chemist ________________________________ proposed organizing
information about the elements into a _________________.
He gathered all of the information he could about the known elements and wrote it down on
cards. One ______________________ per card.
He gathered information such as: ________________, _________________, ______________
_______________, and ______________________.
He then sorted the cards into ____________ and _________________ based on similarities in
the elements ________________________.
Mendeleev’s patterns were so accurate that he was able to leave ______________where he
believed ___________________________ elements would fit.
As time went on Scientists were able to fill in the gaps, proving Mendeleev’s predictions.
Later, the periodic table was rearranged by ________________ __________________. It is now
arranged according to __________________ __________________.
11
The Modern Periodic Table
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The periodic table of elements is a chart that places all of the elements in rows and columns.
The elements are organized according to their ________________ ____________________.
The rows are called ___________________ and the columns are called _________________ or
________________________.
The elements found in each group or family share some _______________________
______________________________.
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The Periodic Table is divided into ________________ and ____________________________.
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Complete the following chart:
Property
Metals
Non-Metals
Lustre
Malleability
Conductivity
Reactivity with Acid
State at room temperature
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We will also be learning about the specific properties of various groups of the Periodic Table:
o Alkali Metals
o Alkaline Earth Metals
o Halogens
o Nobel Gases
COMPLETE THE PERIODIC TABLE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY
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Parts of the Atom
Over the past 2000 years the model of the atom has changed considerably, becoming increasingly
complex. One of the more recent models which we will study is relatively simple. It is made up of 5
parts…
1. Protons
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Carry a ___________________ charge
Have a mass of ________ atomic mass unit (amu)
Are located in the center of the atom, called the ___________________
Are equal to the atomic __________________
Are heavy but very _________________
2. Neutrons
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Carry a ___________________ charge
Have a mass of ________ atomic mass unit (amu)
Are located in the ____________________ of the atom
Are equal to the atomic ______________ - atomic _______________
3. Electrons
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Carry a ____________________ charge
Have a mass of ___________ a.m.u.
Are located _________________ the atom in the ___________________
Are equal to the number of _________________ in the atom
Are very light, but also very _________________
4. Nucleus
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Is the center of the atom
The __________________ and __________________ are found here
5. Orbitals
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The area outside of the atom
The ___________________ are found here
Also called rings and shells
The first will hold ______ electrons
The second will hold ______ electrons
The third will also hold ______ electrons
# of Protons = # of Electrons = Atomic Number
# of Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Atomic Number
13
Calculating Protons, Neutrons & Electrons
# Protons = atomic number
# Neutrons = mass number – atomic number
# Electrons = atomic number
Element
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Atomic #
# Protons
B
#
Neutrons
6
#
Electrons
11
Atomic
Mass
23
31
39
39
29
89
35
43
98
207
Pb
103
70
89
Mo
227
54
81
100
204
157
No
Zn
259
65
98
153
Pt
56
31
37
30
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Drawing Atoms
 So far, we have learned that all atoms are made up of sub-atomic particles called
protons, neutrons and electrons.
 Protons have a ________________ charge and are located in the _____________.
The ________________ number tells us how many protons an atom has.
 Neutrons have a _________________ charge and are also located in the
_________________. The atomic mass minus the number of protons tells us how
many neutrons an atom has.
 Electrons have a ________________ charge and are located ________________
the nucleus. There will always be the ______________ number of electrons as
there are protons in neutral atoms.
 Electrons are arranged around the nucleus on “highways” or orbital’s, and each
“highway” or orbital can only hold a certain number of electrons. The first
“highway” can hold _________ electrons, the second “highway” can hold
__________ electrons and the third “highway” can hold __________ electrons.
Electrons on the outermost “highway” are called valence electrons. These are the
electrons that bond with other atoms to make larger molecules.
Let’s take a look at how we would visually represent a specific atom:
Example 1: Lithium
Example 2: Boron
Protons =
Electrons =
Neutrons =
Protons =
Electrons =
Neutrons =
15
ATOM DRAWING ASSIGNMENT
For each of the following elements, draw the corresponding atoms including the # of protons, neutrons
and electrons listed at the side.
1. H
P=
E=
N=
2. He
3. C
4. P
5. Mg
6. S
7. N
8. Al
9. Na
10. K
11. Si
12. O
13. Cl
14. Ne
15. Ar
16
Element Behavior and Ions
All elements have a definite _______________ arrangement. This changes when the
chemical undergoes a _______________ _______________.
Elements tend to _______ or _______ electron so that they end up with the same
number of _______________ electrons as the ___________________. They want to be
“happy atoms” like the noble gases with ______ valence electrons on their outer shell.
Noble (Inert) gases have a very ___________ structure.
 Ex. Beryllium
o Be – Atomic Number = ____
o Be – Atomic Mass = ____
o # Protons = ____
o # Electrons = ____
o # Neutrons = ____
 Beryllium will lose _____ electrons because it wants to have a _______ outer
electron shell.
 If it has 2 electrons in the outer electron shell, it will look like _______________
and be more stable. The other option is for Beryllium to gain _____ electrons to
fill the 2nd electrons shell (for a total of e electrons) to look like _____________,
but that would require ____________________________________.
 Beryllium now has:
o # P = _____
o # E = _____
o # N = _____
 Because Beryllium has 4 protons (which is still the same as before) and now has 2
electrons, we can say that it has:
o A charge of ____ - ____ = _____ because there are 2 more _____________
charges that negative ones.
NOTE: An atom becomes charges ONLY if __________________ are removed or added.
_________________ NEVER leave or join the nucleus!!!!!
17
 If electrons leave or are added to an _____________, the atom becomes an
__________.
o If the charge on the element is _______________, the ion is called a
___________.
o If the charge on the element is _______________, the ion is called an
__________.
o If there is ___________________ on the element, it is simply called an
___________. Thus, if we refer to an atom, we are talking about an element
with an equal number of __________________ and ___________________.
Charge Symbols:
 If an element has a charge, it is indicated on the element symbol by a number,
either _________________ or __________________, on the upper right hand side
of the element symbol.
o Carbon has a charge of +4 _________
o Chlorine has a charge of -1 _________
o Argon has a charge of 0 _________
 This zero is not necessary. Elements with a charge of zero are written only with
their ______________.
Practice Sheets!!!!!
18
Atoms and Ions
Ion
Symbol
Number of Protons
Number of
Electrons
Potassium+
Lithium+
Calcium2+
Barium2+
FluorineChlorineSulfur2Oxygen2Aluminum3+
Iron2+
Iron3+
Copper+
Copper2+
Magnesium
19
Atomic Charge
1. For the following elements, given the number of protons and electrons, determine
the charge (using the appropriate element symbol such as Cl-) and list whether it is
a cation, anion or atom.
Element
Sodium
# of Protons
11
# of Electrons
10
Magnesium
12
10
Aluminum
13
10
Oxygen
8
10
Phosphorus
15
10
Krypton
36
36
Iodine
53
54
Iron
26
24
Charge
Type of Ion
2. For the following combinations of protons and electrons, determine the element,
charge symbol and ion type.
# of Protons
22
# of Electrons
18
47
46
34
36
35
36
14
10
18
18
7
2
1
0
Element
Charge
Type of Ion
20
The Periodic Table – Atoms & Ions
Atom or Ion
Symbol
Atomic
Mass (whole
#
Protons
# Neutrons
# Electrons
number)
Gold
Silver
Silver ion
Xenon
Radon
Californium
Cobalt
Cobalt ion
Copper
Tin
Stannous
Stannic
Bromine
Bromide
Mercury
Mercurous
Lead
Plumbous
Scandium
Helium
Terbium
21
Putting It All Together Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is chemistry?
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
What is the difference between a solution and a mechanical mixture?
Identify the following material as an element (E), compound (C), mechanical
mixture (MM) or solution (S).
________ Chili
________ Baking Soda
________ Iron
________ Chocolate chip cookie dough
________ Lemonade
________ Sodium chloride
Define the following terms:
Proton –
Electron –
Neutron –
Element –
Nucleus –
Atomic Number –
Atomic Mass –
Valence Electron –
Periodic Table – List 5 facts about it. Who developed the first periodic table?
What are some differences between metals and non-metals?
These are the names of the seven families on the periodic table (Be able to find
them and describe a characteristic or two of each).
a. Alkali Metals
b. Alkaline Earth Metals
c. Transition Metals
d. Halogens
e. Nobel Gases
f. Lanthanides
g. Actinides
22
9. The model of the atom has changed drastically since the beginning. Describe each
person’s contribution to the model of the atom. Include diagrams:
a. Dalton
b. Thompson
c. Rutherford
d. Bohr
10.What are the 3 items about an element that you must know before you draw it?
11.What is the assignment for the electrons in the clouds around the nucleus?
12.Draw atoms or ion diagrams for the following elements:
a. Fluorine
c. Magnesium
b. Calcium +2
d. Fluorine -1
13.Define the following terms: Ion, Cation, and Anion
14.What does it mean to have a neutral atom? Does it have a charge? How many
protons, electrons and neutrons will an atom possess?
15.An ion has 83 protons, 127 neutrons and 80 electrons. What is the mass number
of the ion? __________. What is the atomic number? _________. What is the net
charge on the ion? _______. Is this a cation or an anion? __________.
16.Which atom will produce an ion with 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?
___________________.
17.The charge on an ion is -3 and it has 36 electrons. What is the element?
_____________.
18.The charge on the ion is +2 and it has 54 electrons. What is the element?
____________.
23
19.Complete the following chart:
Element
# Of
Protons
Phosphorus
28
# Of
Electrons
10
Charge
26
Mercury
+1
Bromine
-1
56
Arsenic
Cobalt
Type of Ion
54
36
27
+2
54
0
Sulfur
-2
6
-1
Anion
24